YIELD AND CONCENTRATIONS OF Mn AND Zn IN GRAIN OF MAIZE PARENTAL INBREDS AND HYBRIDS

Veći sadržaj mikroelemenata u zrnu odnosno sjemenu, uz poboljšanu nutritivnu vrijednost, omogućio bi i bolju produktivnost biljaka na tlima s izraženim nedostatkom određenih mikroelemenata. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi učinak genotipa i agroekoloških činitelja na prinos zrna i koncentracije mangana (Mn) i cinka (Zn) u zrnu dva hibrida kukuruza i njihovim roditeljskim linijama, te ispitati utjecaj samooplodnih linija kao roditeljskih komponenti na sadržaj Mn i Zn u zrnu hibrida. Genotipovi kukuruza uzgajani su u poljskim pokusima tijekom dvije godine na tlu siromašnom manganom i cinkom (17,5 mg Mn kg-1 i 1,06 mg Zn kg-1 tla). Na istraživana svojstva značajno su utjecali genotip, godina, kao i njihova interakcija. Prosječan prinos zrna svih genotipova iznosio je 4,08 t ha-1, uz variranje po godinama od 1,13 t ha-1do 6,34 t ha-1 (2003.) i od1,13 t ha-1do 11,64 t ha-1 (2004.). U zrnu su utvrđene nešto niže koncentracije Mn i Zn, a varirale su, ovisno o genotipu, od 2,85 do 4,35 mg Mn kg-1 i od 13,6 do 25,6 mg Zn kg-1. Očinske linije Lancaster podrijetla imale su najvišu koncentraciju ispitivanih mikroelemenata u zrnu, a majčinske linije iz BSSS skupine signifikantno nižu. Koncentracija Mn kod oba je hibrida bila viša od srednjih vrijednosti roditelja, dok je obrnuti učinak utvrđen za koncentraciju Zn u zrnu, naročito kod OSSK 552. Podrijetlo samooplodnih linija ima bitnu ulogu u nasljeđivanju sadržaja elemenata kod hibrida, ali je njihov učinak pod značajnim utjecajem okolinskih činitelja.Enhanced micronutrient content in grains or seeds could improve both, nutritive value and agricultural productivity of crops on the soils deficient in a particular micronutrient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of genotype and environmental components on the grain yield and concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain of two maize hybrids and their parental lines as well as to examine the impact of parental inbreds on the grain of Mn and Zn concentration in the hybrids. Maize genotypes were grown in a field trials during two growing seasons on the soil poor in available Mn and Zn (17.5 mg Mn kg-1 and 1.06 mg Zn kg-1 soil). Highly significant effects of both, year and genotype for all traits were ascertained. The average grain yield for all genotypes was 4.08 t ha-1, with varying over years from 1.13 t ha-1 to 6.34 t ha-1 (2003) and from 1.13 t ha-1 to 11.64 t ha-1 (2004). Concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain were slightly lower and ranged depending on genotype from 2.85 – 4.35 mg Mn kg-1 and 13.6 – 25.6 mg Zn kg-1. Male parents of Lancaster origin had the highest concentrations of investigated microelements in the grain, while in the female lines belonging to BSSS group it was significantly lower. Grain Mn concentration was higher than parental means in both hybrids, whilst the opposite effect was ascertained for Zn concentration, especially in OSSK 552. The origin of inbred lines, as parental component of hybrids, plays an important role in inheritance of nutrient contents, but that genetic impact is greatly affected by environmental factors

YIELD AND CONCENTRATIONS OF Mn AND Zn IN GRAIN OF MAIZE PARENTAL INBREDS AND HYBRIDS

Veći sadržaj mikroelemenata u zrnu odnosno sjemenu, uz poboljšanu nutritivnu vrijednost, omogućio bi i bolju produktivnost biljaka na tlima s izraženim nedostatkom određenih mikroelemenata. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi učinak genotipa i agroekoloških činitelja na prinos zrna i koncentracije mangana (Mn) i cinka (Zn) u zrnu dva hibrida kukuruza i njihovim roditeljskim linijama, te ispitati utjecaj samooplodnih linija kao roditeljskih komponenti na sadržaj Mn i Zn u zrnu hibrida. Genotipovi kukuruza uzgajani su u poljskim pokusima tijekom dvije godine na tlu siromašnom manganom i cinkom (17,5 mg Mn kg-1 i 1,06 mg Zn kg-1 tla). Na istraživana svojstva značajno su utjecali genotip, godina, kao i njihova interakcija. Prosječan prinos zrna svih genotipova iznosio je 4,08 t ha-1, uz variranje po godinama od 1,13 t ha-1do 6,34 t ha-1 (2003.) i od1,13 t ha-1do 11,64 t ha-1 (2004.). U zrnu su utvrđene nešto niže koncentracije Mn i Zn, a varirale su, ovisno o genotipu, od 2,85 do 4,35 mg Mn kg-1 i od 13,6 do 25,6 mg Zn kg-1. Očinske linije Lancaster podrijetla imale su najvišu koncentraciju ispitivanih mikroelemenata u zrnu, a majčinske linije iz BSSS skupine signifikantno nižu. Koncentracija Mn kod oba je hibrida bila viša od srednjih vrijednosti roditelja, dok je obrnuti učinak utvrđen za koncentraciju Zn u zrnu, naročito kod OSSK 552. Podrijetlo samooplodnih linija ima bitnu ulogu u nasljeđivanju sadržaja elemenata kod hibrida, ali je njihov učinak pod značajnim utjecajem okolinskih činitelja.Enhanced micronutrient content in grains or seeds could improve both, nutritive value and agricultural productivity of crops on the soils deficient in a particular micronutrient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of genotype and environmental components on the grain yield and concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain of two maize hybrids and their parental lines as well as to examine the impact of parental inbreds on the grain of Mn and Zn concentration in the hybrids. Maize genotypes were grown in a field trials during two growing seasons on the soil poor in available Mn and Zn (17.5 mg Mn kg-1 and 1.06 mg Zn kg-1 soil). Highly significant effects of both, year and genotype for all traits were ascertained. The average grain yield for all genotypes was 4.08 t ha-1, with varying over years from 1.13 t ha-1 to 6.34 t ha-1 (2003) and from 1.13 t ha-1 to 11.64 t ha-1 (2004). Concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain were slightly lower and ranged depending on genotype from 2.85 – 4.35 mg Mn kg-1 and 13.6 – 25.6 mg Zn kg-1. Male parents of Lancaster origin had the highest concentrations of investigated microelements in the grain, while in the female lines belonging to BSSS group it was significantly lower. Grain Mn concentration was higher than parental means in both hybrids, whilst the opposite effect was ascertained for Zn concentration, especially in OSSK 552. The origin of inbred lines, as parental component of hybrids, plays an important role in inheritance of nutrient contents, but that genetic impact is greatly affected by environmental factors

Pedological and hydropedologicalc conditions and water requirements for cultivation of agricultural crops in Hrvatsko zagorje

Autori ponajprije upozoravaju na globalne i lokalne štete od katastrofalnih klimatskih promjena, s posebnim osvrtom na ekstremno suha razdoblja bez dovoljno oborina – sušu u Hrvatskoj. U cilju popularizacije nacionalnog projekta natapanja (NAPNAV), slijede podaci o pedološkim i hidropedološkim uvjetima i potrebama vode za uzgoj poljoprivrednih kultura u Hrvatskom zagorju. Proračuni potrebe vode za uzgoj odabranih poljoprivrednih kulture su obavljeni po modelima funkcioniranja sustava biljka-klima i sustava tlo-biljka-klima. U modelu sustava biljka-klima, komponente su referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo), evapotranspiracija kulture (ETk) i koeficijent kultura (kc). U modelu sustava tlo-biljka-klima, komponente su referentna evaopotranspiracija (ETo), evapotranspiracija kulture (ETk), efektivne oborine 75 %-tne vjerojatnosti pojava, dubina i vodne konstante tla. Na kraju su preporuke za identifikaciju projekata i preliminarno planiranje sustava natapanja, te opća načela gospodarenja izgrađenim sustavima za natapanje.The authors primarily warn of global and local damages from catastrophic climate change, with special reference to extremely dry periods without sufficient precipitation - the drought in Croatia. In order to popularize the national irrigation project (NAPNAV), the following are data on pedological and hydropedological conditions and water requirement for growing agricultural crops in Hrvatsko zagorje. Calculations of the water requirement for the cultivation of selected agricultural crops were carried out according to the models of the functioning of the plant-climate system, and soil-plant-climte system. In the model of plant-climate system, the components are reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETk) and crop coefficient (kc). In the model of soil-plant-climate system the components are reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETk), effective precipitations with a 75% probability of occurrence, depth and soil water constant. At the end, there are recommendations for project identification and preliminary planning of irrigation systems, as well as general principles of management of constructed irrigation systems

Pedological and hydropedologicalc conditions and water requirements for cultivation of agricultural crops in Hrvatsko zagorje

Autori ponajprije upozoravaju na globalne i lokalne štete od katastrofalnih klimatskih promjena, s posebnim osvrtom na ekstremno suha razdoblja bez dovoljno oborina – sušu u Hrvatskoj. U cilju popularizacije nacionalnog projekta natapanja (NAPNAV), slijede podaci o pedološkim i hidropedološkim uvjetima i potrebama vode za uzgoj poljoprivrednih kultura u Hrvatskom zagorju. Proračuni potrebe vode za uzgoj odabranih poljoprivrednih kulture su obavljeni po modelima funkcioniranja sustava biljka-klima i sustava tlo-biljka-klima. U modelu sustava biljka-klima, komponente su referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo), evapotranspiracija kulture (ETk) i koeficijent kultura (kc). U modelu sustava tlo-biljka-klima, komponente su referentna evaopotranspiracija (ETo), evapotranspiracija kulture (ETk), efektivne oborine 75 %-tne vjerojatnosti pojava, dubina i vodne konstante tla. Na kraju su preporuke za identifikaciju projekata i preliminarno planiranje sustava natapanja, te opća načela gospodarenja izgrađenim sustavima za natapanje.The authors primarily warn of global and local damages from catastrophic climate change, with special reference to extremely dry periods without sufficient precipitation - the drought in Croatia. In order to popularize the national irrigation project (NAPNAV), the following are data on pedological and hydropedological conditions and water requirement for growing agricultural crops in Hrvatsko zagorje. Calculations of the water requirement for the cultivation of selected agricultural crops were carried out according to the models of the functioning of the plant-climate system, and soil-plant-climte system. In the model of plant-climate system, the components are reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETk) and crop coefficient (kc). In the model of soil-plant-climate system the components are reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop evapotranspiration (ETk), effective precipitations with a 75% probability of occurrence, depth and soil water constant. At the end, there are recommendations for project identification and preliminary planning of irrigation systems, as well as general principles of management of constructed irrigation systems

SOIL MOISTURE REGIME ON LUVISOL IN THE EAST CROATIA

Cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi manjak vode u tlu tijekom vegetacijskoga razdoblja kukuruza i pšenice na osnovi poljskih mjerenja i proračuna bilance oborinske vode u tlu do dubine 60 cm. Manjak vode u tlu u prvoj godini istraživanja (2003.) bio je izražen tijekom cijele vegetacije kukuruza (Zelčin 336,1 mm, Donji Miholjac 325,7 mm), a najveći je manjak evidentiran u srpnju i kolovozu, što se negativno odrazilo na prosječni prinos od 5,52 t ha-1. Druga godina istraživanja (2004.) bila je znatno povoljnija te je manjak vode u tlu tijekom vegetacije pšenice zabilježen samo u svibnju na oba lokaliteta (Zelčin 40,5 mm, Donji Miholjac 32,6 mm), što nije bitnije utjecalo na prinos zrna pšenice (5,08 t ha-1). Izrazito niske vrijednosti trenutačne fiziološki aktivne vlage tla (FAv) zabilježene su tijekom ljeta 2003. godine, a najniže vrijednosti (Zelčin 8% FAv-a, Donji Miholjac 7% FAv-a) izmjerene su u trećoj dekadi rujna, dok su više vrijednosti utvrđene 2004. godine, uz minimume 38% FAv-a u Zelčinu i 33% 8% FAv-a u Donjem Miholjcu. Statistički značajno više vrijednosti trenutačne vlage tla (P<1%) utvrđene su u dubljim slojevima tla na oba lokaliteta. Utvrđene su i statistički vrlo značajne korelacije (r=0,93**, r=0,91**) između mjerenja i proračunatih vrijednosti FAv-a na oba lokaliteta.The aim of the research was to determine water deficit in the soil (to 60 cm depth) on the basis of field measurements as well as calculation of soil water balance during the vegetation season of maize and winter wheat. In the first year of research (2003) water deficit was emphasized during the whole vegetation season of maize (Zelčin 336 mm; Donji Miholjac 326 mm); but the most marked water shortage was evident in the July and August; having negative effect on maize grain yield (5.52 t ha-1). The second year of research (2004) was more favourable; and water deficit which on the both sites occurred only in the May (Zelčin 40;5 mm; Donji Miholjac 32;6 mm); did not affect wheat grain yield (5.07 t ha-1). Particularly low values of available water content (AWC) were observed during the summer of 2003; and the lowest values (8% for Zelčin; and 7% for Donji Miholjac) were recorded in the third decade of September. In the 2004 much higher values of AWC were achieved (40.5% for Zelčin; and 32.6% for Donji Miholjac). In the deeper soil layers significantly higher (P<1%) values of soil moisture were determined. The correlations between measured and calculated values of AWC were also very significant on both sites (r =0.93**; r =0.91**)

The effect of liming with carbocalk to soil, yield and quality of maize grains

Stacionirani poljski pokus kalcizacije karbokalkom (nusproizvod tvornice šećera) postavljen je u jesen 2000. na kiselom tlu (pHKCl 3,89). Karbokalk je dodan u količinama 0, 15, 30, 45 i 60 t ha-1. Pokus je postavljen prema slučajnom rasporedu u četiri ponavljanja (osnovna parcela 64.3 m2). Učinci kalcizacije prate se u kontinuitetu do 2012. godine. U ovome radu prikazana su svojstva tla i reakcija kukuruza uzgajanog na pokusnoj parceli 2010. godine. Kalcizacijom je značajno povećan pHKCl s 3,75 do 6,71. Također, povećana je pristupačnost fosfora u tlu s 20,3 na 26,9 mg P2O5 100g-1, dok je pristupačnost kalija smanjena s 29,4 na 25,5 mg K2O 100g-1. Prinos kukuruza na kontroli bio je 8,40 t ha-1, a kalcizacijom je povećan do 18%. Pri tome su razlike prinosa među četiri razine dodanog karbokalka bile u granicama statističke pogreške. Kalcizacijom s 30 i više t ha-1 signifikantno je povećan sadržaj proteina u zrnu (8,05%, odnosno 8,50%), dok je u povećanju sadržaja ulja bila djelotvorna i količina od 15 t ha-1 (2,80%, odnosno 3,03%). Sadržaj škroba u zrnu kalcizacijom je smanjen sa 72,98% na 72,43%, ali je pri tome učinkovita bila samo maksimalna količina od 60 t ha-1.Stationed field experiment of liming with carbocalk (by-product of sugar factory) was set in the fall of 2000 on acid soil (pHKCl 3.89). Carbocalk was added in quantities of 0.15, 30.45 and 60 t ha-1. The experiment was set randomly in four replicates (basic plot 64.3 m2). The effects of liming were monitored continuously until the year 2012. This paper presents characteristics of the soil and reaction of maize cultivated on an experimental plot in 2010. Liming significantly increased pHKClfrom 3.75 to 6.71. Also, there was increased accessibility of phosphorus in the soil from 20.3 to 26.9 mg P2O5 100g-1, whereas the accessibility of potassium was decreased from 29.4 to 25.5 mg K2O 100g-1. Maize yield in control was 8.40 t ha-1, and liming increased it by up to 18%. In doing so, the differences in yield between four levels of added carbocalk were within limits of statistical error. Liming with 30 and more t ha-1 significantly increased the content of protein in maize grain (8.05%, i.e. 8.50%), whereas the quantity of 15 t ha-1 was also efficient in the increase of oil content (2.80%, i.e. 3.03%). The content of starch in grains was decreased by liming from 72.98% to 72.43%, but only maximum quantity of 60 t ha-1 was thereby efficient

Influence of physical and chemical properties of different soil types on optimal soil moisture for tillage

Plastičnost je tla područje konzistencije tla, odnosno predstavlja promjenu stanja tla zbog različite vlažnosti tla djelovanjem vanjskih sila. Konzistencija određuje veličinu otpora koje tlo pruža pri obradi, stoga je cilj istraživanja utvrditi optimalno stanje vlažnosti tla za obradu te utjecaj fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstva oraničnih horizonata na plastičnost tla, kao jednog od svojstava konzistencije. Istraživanje je provedeno na tri različita tipa tla: aluvijalnome, lesiviranome te na ritskoj crnici. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između svih istraživanih tipova tala i to za sadržaj čestica gline, gustoću pakiranja, aktualnu i supstitucijsku kiselost, kationski izmjenjivački kapacitet tla te sadržaj kalcija. Također, utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između istraživanih tipova tala za donju granicu plastičnosti, gornju granicu plastičnosti te indeks plastičnosti. Prosječna utvrđena vrijednost donje granice plastičnosti, kao važnog elementa za određivanje optimalnoga trenutka obrade tla, iznosila je 18,9% mas. na aluvijalnome tlu, 24,0% mas. na lesiviranome tlu, dok je na ritskoj crnici iznosila 28,6% mas. Vrlo značajnu korelaciju pozitivnoga smjera s granicama plastičnosti pokazali su humus, glina, KIK, sitni prah, magnezij, natrij i kalcij, dok su vrlo značajnu korelaciju, ali negativnoga smjera, pokazali hidrolitička kiselost, krupni pijesak, sitni pijesak i krupni prah. Kreiranim regresijskim modelima može se procijeniti optimalno stanje vlažnosti tla za obradu na temelju osnovnih svojstava tala. Preciznost modela značajno se povećava uvođenjem većega broja fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstva tla, a dopunsku preciznost modela mogu povećati podatci o tipu tla.Soil plasticity is the area of soil consistency, i.e. it represents a change in soil condition due to different soil moisture influenced by external forces activity. Consistency determines soil resistance in tillage, therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the optimum soil moisture condition for tillage and the influence of the chemical and physical properties of the arable land horizons on the soil plasticity on three different types of soil (fluvisol, luvisol and humic glaysol). Statistically significant differences were found between all examined soil types, such as the content of clay particles, the density of packaging and the actual and substitution acidity, the cation exchange capacity and the content of calcium. There were also statistically significant differences between the examined types of soil for the plasticity limit, liquid limit and the plasticity index. The average established value of plasticity limit as an important element for determining the optimal moment of soil tillage was 18.9% mass on fluvisol, 24.0% mass on luvisol and 28.6% mass on humic glaysol. Very significant positive direction correlation with plasticity limits was shown by organic matter, clay, fine silt, magnesium, sodium and calcium, while very significant negative direction correlation was shown by hydrolytic acidity, coarse sand, fine sand and coarse silt. Created regression models can estimate the optimal soil moisture condition for soil cultivation based on the basic soil properties. The model precision is significantly increased by introducing a greater number of agrochemical and agrophysical soil properties, and the additional precision of the model can be increased by soil type data

Influence of physical and chemical properties of different soil types on optimal soil moisture for tillage

Plastičnost je tla područje konzistencije tla, odnosno predstavlja promjenu stanja tla zbog različite vlažnosti tla djelovanjem vanjskih sila. Konzistencija određuje veličinu otpora koje tlo pruža pri obradi, stoga je cilj istraživanja utvrditi optimalno stanje vlažnosti tla za obradu te utjecaj fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstva oraničnih horizonata na plastičnost tla, kao jednog od svojstava konzistencije. Istraživanje je provedeno na tri različita tipa tla: aluvijalnome, lesiviranome te na ritskoj crnici. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između svih istraživanih tipova tala i to za sadržaj čestica gline, gustoću pakiranja, aktualnu i supstitucijsku kiselost, kationski izmjenjivački kapacitet tla te sadržaj kalcija. Također, utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između istraživanih tipova tala za donju granicu plastičnosti, gornju granicu plastičnosti te indeks plastičnosti. Prosječna utvrđena vrijednost donje granice plastičnosti, kao važnog elementa za određivanje optimalnoga trenutka obrade tla, iznosila je 18,9% mas. na aluvijalnome tlu, 24,0% mas. na lesiviranome tlu, dok je na ritskoj crnici iznosila 28,6% mas. Vrlo značajnu korelaciju pozitivnoga smjera s granicama plastičnosti pokazali su humus, glina, KIK, sitni prah, magnezij, natrij i kalcij, dok su vrlo značajnu korelaciju, ali negativnoga smjera, pokazali hidrolitička kiselost, krupni pijesak, sitni pijesak i krupni prah. Kreiranim regresijskim modelima može se procijeniti optimalno stanje vlažnosti tla za obradu na temelju osnovnih svojstava tala. Preciznost modela značajno se povećava uvođenjem većega broja fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstva tla, a dopunsku preciznost modela mogu povećati podatci o tipu tla.Soil plasticity is the area of soil consistency, i.e. it represents a change in soil condition due to different soil moisture influenced by external forces activity. Consistency determines soil resistance in tillage, therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the optimum soil moisture condition for tillage and the influence of the chemical and physical properties of the arable land horizons on the soil plasticity on three different types of soil (fluvisol, luvisol and humic glaysol). Statistically significant differences were found between all examined soil types, such as the content of clay particles, the density of packaging and the actual and substitution acidity, the cation exchange capacity and the content of calcium. There were also statistically significant differences between the examined types of soil for the plasticity limit, liquid limit and the plasticity index. The average established value of plasticity limit as an important element for determining the optimal moment of soil tillage was 18.9% mass on fluvisol, 24.0% mass on luvisol and 28.6% mass on humic glaysol. Very significant positive direction correlation with plasticity limits was shown by organic matter, clay, fine silt, magnesium, sodium and calcium, while very significant negative direction correlation was shown by hydrolytic acidity, coarse sand, fine sand and coarse silt. Created regression models can estimate the optimal soil moisture condition for soil cultivation based on the basic soil properties. The model precision is significantly increased by introducing a greater number of agrochemical and agrophysical soil properties, and the additional precision of the model can be increased by soil type data