The model of entropy for the Upper Carboniferous coal-bearing formations in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and an attempt of its geological interpretation

The paper presents the model of entropy for the coal-bearing formations of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The coal-bearing formations include exclusively continental (fluvial) sediments in their upper parts and paralic sediments in the lower parts, the latter composed of partly continental, partly near-shore deposits laid down in broadly understood sea coast environment (shoreline, sand bars, beaches, etc.). For studies 18 boreholes were selected in which both the continental and the paralic successions were represented. For all lithofacies distinguished in all successions the normalized, pre- and post-depositional entropies were calculated. Then, successions were categorized on the basis of these calculations. The dendrogram shows three groups of successions from which the first corresponds almost exclusively to the Paralic Series and the second one - to the Mudstone Series. The third group differs distinctly from the first two groups and represents the sediments of the Krakow Sandstone Series

Modal sequences in lithological profiles analysis - methodological approach

The Markov chains theory is a tool commonly applied to sedimentological studies. Unfortunately, this method does not provide fully credible conclusions concerning the cyclicity of sedimentation. Such cyclicity is documented, among others, by the appearance of modal sequences, i.e., sequences many times repeated in the lithological profile and having unequivocal genetic interpretation. The paper proposes the statistical permutation test, which can verify the hypothesis of the randomness of layers succession in a given lithological profile. Applying the Monte Carlo simulation method, the probability is estimated that in a random sequence composed of the same layers as the studied profile the given number of particular sequences of layers will occur. Such attempt allows the researcher to distinguish the modal sequences, i.e., those indicating the important features of sedimentation process, from sequences whose frequent appearance results exclusively from the dominance of particular lithological varieties of rocks

Formy polodowcowe atrakcją geoturystyczną Doliny Pięciu Stawów Polskich

Trzynaście tysięcy lat temu, wraz z ocieplaniem się klimatu pod koniec würmu, na obszarze Doliny Pięciu Stawów Polskich rozpoczęła się deglacjacja. Po ustąpieniu lodowca odsłoniły się formy powstałe zarówno w wyniku erozyjnej, jak i akumulacyjnej działalności lodowca. Należą do nich: kotły polodowcowe, misy i niecki, fosylne formy lodowców gruzowych, mutony i wygłady, a także moreny i rynna wód proglacjalnych. W artykule krótko scharakteryzowano wyżej wymienione formy, zwracając uwagę na ich atrakcyjność jako obiektów geoturystycznych.//Thirteen thousand years ago, at the end of the Würm glacial epoch deglaciation has started in the Five Ponds Valley of the Polish Tatras due to global warming episode. After retreat of glaciers numerous post-glacial, erosional and depositional landforms have been exposed: cirques, bowls and troughs, fossiled rock glaciers, roches mountonées and polished surfaces as well as moraines and proglacial channel. The aim of the following paper is to describe post-glacial forms in the valley as attractivegeotouristic objects

Tourist attractions of partner Orange cities (France) and of Jarosław (Poland)

In the article showed most interested tourist and attractions of Orange and Provence which became presented by the French national team of the Polish delegation within the framework of of the cooperation and the cultural of based on partnership cities Orange (France) and Jarosław (Poland). Described also most interested tourist objects of Jarosław against the background of the characterization of the natural environment

Geotourist boards as a part of geotourism information system

The article addresses basic problems related to the use of various information boards, which are the principal form of providing information about a particular geosite. Several aspects were taken into account: positioning of the boards, their content and construction materials. The results of a poll concerning tourist expectations towards the content of geotourist information were also presented in this paper

Criteria of geotourism valorization specified for various recipients // Kryteria waloryzacji geoturystycznej na potrzeby różnego rodzaju odbiorców

The following paper presents methodology of valorization of geotourism objects adapted to meet the expectations and needs of various groups of potential recipients: tourists (casual, witting, hobbyist), educators (school teachers, academic staff, guides, organizers) and investors (owners, managers). Any geotourism object can be valorized using four principal categories of criteria: visual, cognitive, functional and investing. Each category is evaluated separately and selection of particular criteria depends on the needs of given recipient. //W artykule zaproponowano sposób waloryzacji obiektów geoturystycznych uwzględniający potrzeby potencjalnych odbiorców: turystów (przypadkowy, świadomy, pasjonat), edukatorów (nauczyciel szkolny i akademicki, przewodnik, organizator turystyki specjalistycznej), inwestorów (właściciel, zarządca). Na ocenę obiektu składają się cztery główne kryteria: wartość wizualna, wartość poznawcza, wartość użytkowa oraz warunki i potrzeby inwestycyjne. Każde z kryteriów oceniane jest osobno, a o ważności i doborze kryterium decyduje samodzielnie odbiorca waloryzacji

Most significant geosites of the Cieszyn Foothills, Outer flysch Carpathians, Poland and Czech Republic

The article provides a review of the most important geotouristic attractions within the Cieszyn Foothills, Outer Flysch Carpathians in Poland and adjacent part of the Czech Republic. The best geosites, which can be visited during a short 1-2 day visit in the Polish Carpathians were selected. The present paper contains the description of the classic localities exposing the oldest deposits and igneous rocks of the Silesian Unit. The geotouristic objects are important because the represent scenic sites as well as geosites with educational values supplying limitless information about the geological history, as well as the history of earth sciences research

In-channel accretionary macroforms in the modern anastomosing system of the upper Narew River, NE Poland

Predomination of sandy bedload is typical of the anastomosing channels of the Narew River. Several types of in-channel accretionary macroforms have been found in these channels: side bars, concave-bank bars, plug bars, point bars, linguoid bars, and mid-channel bars. The first three types are relatively rare, point bars occur only exceptionally, while linguoid bars and mid-channel bars are quite common. The bars usually occur in main channels, which are the master routes of sand transport in the whole anastomosing system of the Narew. The lower parts of the bars are built of coarse- and medium-grained sand, similarly to the sediments in the deeper parts of the channels. Fine-grained sand, locally alternating with organic-rich muddy sand, predominates usually in the upper parts; peat with high content of sand is present in the highest parts of some bars. All bars are rapidly colonised and stabilised by plants. It is for this reason and due to the low energy of the river that the bar sediments have a high preservation potential. The development of bars is usually not accompanied by lateral migration of channels. Consequently, sediment accretion in bars is one of the factors leading to gradual narrowing of channels. Deposits of some sand-bars, when preserved in fossil record, may probably be represented by characteristic "wings" in the outer parts of ribbon-like sand bodies

Sections ofthe oldest sedimentary rocks in Polish Flysch Carpathians as geotouristic object

Jednym z celów prężnie rozwijającej się w ostatnich latach geoturystyki jest propagowanie aspektów poznawczych związanych z geologiczną historią Ziemi. W niniejszej pracy zostały zawarte opisy klasycznych polskich stanowisk, w których odsłaniają się najstarsze utwory Karpat Zewnętrznych (fliszowych). Po pierwsze, są to odsłonięcia inicjalnych, basenowych osadów późnojurajsko-wczesnokredowych, reprezentujących wczesne stadia węglanowej sedymentacji fliszowej, odbywającej się w obrębie młodego zbiornika protośląskiego (Goleszów - formacja wędryńska, dolina Soły w Żywcu i Jasieniowa Góra oraz Leszna Górna - formacja wapieni cieszyńskich). Po drugie, są to różnej wielkości izolowane bloki skał wapiennych o olistolitowej genezie zwane skałkami andrychowskimi (Targanice, Roczyny i Inwałd), reprezentujące jurajskie utwory o charakterze rafowym i okołorafowym, powstałe w płytkowodnych środowiskach na podmorskim wyniesieniu Baška-Inwałd.The popularization of educational aspects linked to the geological history of Earth is one of the goals of geotourism, dynamically developing recently. The present paper contains the description of the classic localities exposing the oldest deposits of the Outer Flysch Carpathians. Firstly, these are initial Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous basinal facies originated during early carbonate flyschoidal stages within the developing proto-Silesian Basin (Goleszów - Vendryne Formation; Soła River valley in Żywiec and Jasieniowa Mt and Leszna Górna - Cieszyn Limestone Formation). Secondly, these are different size limestone blocks, olistoliths in origin, known as Andrychów Klippen (Targanice, Roczyny and Inwałd) represent Jurassic reef and circum-reef environments originated in shallow-water condition on the Baška-Inwałd submarine ridge