Memories of Exile and Temporary Return: Chilean Exiles Remember Chile

The exile after the military coup of 1973 has been the largest emigration flow in Chilean history. Using oral histories of Chilean exiles collected in the Midwest of the United States as evidence, I describe and analyze their memories of Chile during President Allende’s government and compare them with their memories of recent visits to Chile. I argue that in order to begin recuperating the memory of exile we need to understand the complex relations between the process of exile, the memories of the country of origin, and the nation-state. I conclude this article by proposing that memory not only relates to the remembrance of things past, but also how that remembrance is projected into the present and future as a way of describing the construction of identities, citizenship, and the nation-state. These constructions are a central component of the connections former exiles want to have with the country of origin, including their inclusion in the nation’s history

The Unintended Consequences of Exile: The Brazilian and Chilean Cases in Comparative Perspective, 1964 – 1990

The right to asylum is a central theme in South American political identity. What originated as a way of protecting political leaders in the period of anarchy that followed the independence of these nations became, in the 1940s, a cornerstone of the inter-American political and legal systems. For the first century and a half of national independence in South American countries, the right to asylum was an elite status that guaranteed protection to political leaders deposed by political unrest or fearful of political retribution. These political elites usually sought asylum in neighboring countries: far enough from home for safety, but close enough to continue to participate in the political life of their country. In this sense, the cases of Sarmiento in the 1830s and 1840s and Haya de la Torre in the 1940s are quintessential examples of pre-1960s exile, asylum and the role of exile in Latin American political life

Migration Policy and Development in Chile

Current and prospective migration law and policy in Chile does not adequately incorporate the causes, content, and consequences of international migration to and from Chile. We describe and examine migration in‐flows, out‐flows, migration‐related policies, and how those policies drive, and are driven by, notions of development in Chile. We explore contradictions in Chilean nascent migration policy currently under legislative review. We argue that it is imperative that migration, migration policy, and their relationship to development be discussed inclusively and transparently and be explicitly incorporated into the Chilean government\u27s nascent migration and development legal policies and frameworks

The Chilean State and the search for a new migration policy

Considerar a Chile como un país receptor de inmigrantes es algo definitivamente nuevo. De hecho la migración neta en Chile aún es negativa. Durante los últimos veinte años, sin embargo, se ha observado un cambio en los flujos migratorios al país. Esto ha sido resultado del proceso de democratización luego del fin de la dictadura de Pinochet, un progreso económico continuado durante este período, y a la percepción de un país social y políticamente tranquilo en comparación con sus vecinos. Entre los años 1992 y 2012 el stock migratorio en Chile aumento desde 114 mil personas a unas 352 mil; provenientes principalmente de Perú, Argentina y otros países de las Américas. Los gobiernos democráticos posteriores a la dictadura han tenido desde 1990 un comportamiento errático respecto de este aumento migratorio. Mientras que en el discurso el Estado plantea que los inmigrantes deben ser recibidos con respeto a los tratados internacionales firmados por el país, en la práctica se utilizan las mismas leyes migratorias desarrolladas y aplicadas durante la dictadura. De la misma manera, la implementación de nuevas políticas y leyes ha sido igualmente inconsistente. Mientras algunos organismos del estado crean programas para promover la integración social de los inmigrantes, otros restringen la adaptación e interpretan negativamente las resoluciones judiciales con relación a los inmigrantes. En este contexto burocrático, este artículo examina los últimos intentos que el estado chilena a seguido para construir una nueva ley migratoria, así como su posible implementación y los efectos que estas leyes y políticas puedan tener en los procesos de desarrollo social, político y económico del país. Considering Chile an immigration country is a new thing; in fact its net migration is still negative. The last twenty years, however, have seen a change in the migration flows to the country. This has been result of the democratization process after the end of Pinochet’s dictatorship, a continuous economic progress and a perception of a country in social tranquility when compared with its neighbors. Between 1992 and 2012, immigration has increased from about 114,000 people to 352,000, primarily from Peru, Argentina and other South American and Latin American countries. The democratic governments have had since 1990 an erratic approach to this increase in migration. While in the discourse the state argues that migrants must be received with respect to migration international treaties signed by the country; in practice the same migration policies and laws developed during the dictatorship are still in use. Consequently, policy implementation has been equally inconsistent; some departments create programs to encourage social integration, while others attempt to restrict immigrant adaptation and have mismanaged judicatory claims. Within this bureaucratic context, this paper examines Chile’s current attempts to construct migration policies and its implementation, and the possible effects that these policies might have in the social, political and economic development of the country

Vulnerable, yet Resilient: The Impact of Covid-10 on Latino-Owned Businesses in South Omaha

The effects of COVID-19 have been felt broadly, across Omaha’s Latino community. Latino-owned businesses are a group of particular relevance due to the importance that local business, economic development, employment, and wealth creation have on the community as a whole. Using survey data collected between September 2021 and January 2022 among Latino business owners in South Omaha, the current study seeks to provide an exploratory and descriptive analysis of the impact of the pandemic on this group. The survey was applied to a non-random convenience sampling of 121 Latino business owners. Thus, there is no intention for this survey to be representative of the entire population of Latino business owners, but rather to present an overview of the impact of the pandemic on the growing Latino community in South Omaha. This report is divided into five sections. First, we present a demographic overview of the business owners and the characteristics of their businesses pre-pandemic to set the context for the effects and response to the pandemic. Second, we describe the owners’ perceptions of the impact that the pandemic has had on their business and their corresponding industry. Third, we compare the owners’ perceptions of COVID-19’s impact between the two “pandemic years”: 2020 and 2021. Fourth, we analyze the recovery prospects as presented by these business owners. In the last section, we present the owners’ perception of the support provided by government agencies and the community

Reporting on Art in the City: Newspaper coverage of public art in Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Chicago, 2001 – 2010

Local journalism is expected to record significant events, people, and ideas tied to the location where the journalism is practiced. Public art commemorates some of these significant events, people, and ideas, some of which encapsulate the style of the city, and all of which can become issues that gain media attention. We investigate a decade (2001–2010) of newspaper reporting and policies related to public art in four cities that are considered cultural destinations in the United States—Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, and Chicago—to understand how this issue is used to define and describe each of these cities and styles within media discourse. We argue that what is covered and how it is covered shed light on how journalists and those who make decisions about public art seek to develop and maintain the styles of cities

Chapter 3: Migration Governance in South America: Regional Approaches verse National Laws

Regional Consultative Processes (RCPs) have become the standard for multilateral migration policy discussion over the last two decades. RCPs are geographically bounded, non-binding meetings organized voluntarily by states and promoted by international organizations. This chapter contributes to accumulating knowledge regarding the migration governance role of RCPs by investigating the South American Conference on Migration (CSM). We conduct a thematic analysis of CSM documents from its first annual meeting in 2000 until 2017 to find the most salient themes. We then examine migration-related legislation to uncover to what extent national laws incorporate regional discussion and accords. We find that, although multilateral cooperation has created a set of common standards and practices, their domestic incorporation remains uneven. This chapter sheds light on the synergy between regional-level priorities and national-level laws, revealing a limitation of regional migration governance

“Esses imigrantes!” Uma análise da memória coletiva da imigração europeia na imprensa chilena, 1850-1920

La memoria colectiva chilena ha idealizado la migración europea de fines del siglo XIX en desmedro de la inmigración no europea. Esta idealización influye tanto en cómo se percibe la inmigración reciente, como en el desarrollo de políticas migratorias. Por medio del análisis de artículos publicados en El Mercurio de Valparaíso entre 1850 y 1920, en este artículo proponemos que las percepciones y actitudes que la prensa tenía hacia la inmigración europea distan de la idealización monolíticas que actualmente se tienen de esta migración. La construcción del inmigrante europeo no era estrictamente excluyente ni integradora, complejizando así la memoria colectiva que se tiene en Chile sobre la inmigración europea. A memória coletiva chilena tem idealizado a migração europeia no final do século XIX em detrimento da imigração não europeia. Essa idealização influencia a forma como a imigração recente é percebida, bem como o desenvolvimento de políticas de migração. Através da análise de artigos publicados no El Mercurio de Valparaíso entre 1850 e 1920, neste artigo propomos que as percepções e atitudes que a imprensa tinha em relação à imigração europeia estão longe da idealização monolítica atual dessa migração. A construção do imigrante europeu não foi estritamente excludente nem integradora, complexificando assim a memória coletiva que o Chile tem sobre a imigração europeia