Fig. 2 in Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles

Fig. 2. Brood chambers of Dichotomius carbonarius. A) Leaf layer composed of monocot leaves and soil covering the protuberance, B) With entire leaf of rabo duro in the external layer, C) External leaf layer mostly missing, D) Protuberance covered by a layer of grasses, E and F) Same chamber showing split between protuberance and spherical structure; note the absence of a leaf layer in the contact zone of the two parts and the grass leaf included in provisions connecting both parts. Scale bar = 1 cm.Published as part of <i>Dinghi, P. A., 2013, Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles, pp. 388-396 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3)</i> on page 391, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.388, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103900">http://zenodo.org/record/10103900</a&gt

Fig. 3. A in Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles

Fig. 3. A) Longitudinal section of a brood chamber of Dichotomius carbonarius, showing the egg chamber and some meniscate packets concavely downwards, scale bar = 1 cm, B) Egg with pharate larva inside and provisions with abundant trichomes (arrows), scale bar = 0.5 cm, C–D) Magnified trichomes, scale bar = 0.25 mm, E) Trichomes on a leaf of fumo bravo, scale bar = 1 mm.Published as part of <i>Dinghi, P. A., 2013, Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles, pp. 388-396 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3)</i> on page 392, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.388, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103900">http://zenodo.org/record/10103900</a&gt

Fig. 1. A in Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles

Fig. 1. A) General aspect of the kennel where brood chambers of Dichotomius carbonarius were collected; the soil is covered by leaf litter and short grasses and the tree trunks are fumo bravo, B) Leaf of fumo bravo on the soil and fragmented in subrectangular pieces, scale bar = 2 cm, C) Brood chamber of D. carbonarius showing contact with soil, scale bar = 2 cm, D) Adult D. carbonarius buried in the soil about 7 cm from the surface, scale bar = 1 cm.Published as part of <i>Dinghi, P. A., 2013, Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles, pp. 388-396 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3)</i> on page 389, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.388, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103900">http://zenodo.org/record/10103900</a&gt

Fig. 4. A in Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles

Fig. 4. A) Longitudinal section of a brood chamber of Dichotomius carbonarius, showing a two-week-old larva molding a fecal pellet with its mouthparts inside a cavity within provisions, scale bar = 0.5 cm, B) Five-week-old larva with large hump inside brood chamber, scale bar = 0.5 cm, C) Pupation chamber with remains of the leaf layer; note the lack of arrangement of pellets and the botryoidal aspect, scale bar = 1 cm, D) Other pupation chamber without remains of the leaf layer, scale bar = 1 cm.Published as part of <i>Dinghi, P. A., 2013, Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles, pp. 388-396 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3)</i> on page 393, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.388, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103900">http://zenodo.org/record/10103900</a&gt

Fig. 5 in Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles

Fig. 5. Probable sequence of construction of brood chambers: A) Original inclined burrow, B) Distal extreme enlarged, forming a spherical cavity, C) Cavity lined with entire or large fragments of leaves, D) Leaf litter at the distal pole leaving a hemispherical space for the egg, E) Egg chamber closed and more meniscate packets added until cavity completely filled, F) Burrow adjacent to proximal pole blocked with thick, perpendicular litter layers forming cylindrical protuberance and remaining burrow filled with soil.Published as part of <i>Dinghi, P. A., 2013, Leaf-Litter Brood Chambers inDichotomius(Luederwaldtinia)Carbonarius(Mannerheim, 1829) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): A Novel Behavior for Dung Beetles, pp. 388-396 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 67 (3)</i> on page 394, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-67.3.388, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10103900">http://zenodo.org/record/10103900</a&gt

Fig. 1 in Nests and Brood Balls of Two South American Species ofSulcophanaeusOlsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)

Fig. 1. Nests of Sulcophanaeus menelas and Sulcophanaeus imperator. A–C) Three morphologies of S. menelas nests: L-shaped tunnel partially filled with dung (A), straight and almost vertical tunnel containing a female (white arrow) (B), forked tunnel composed of two inclined branches provisioned with meniscate dung (C) (scale bars = 5 cm), D–E) Nesting chambers of S. menelas: shallow chamber laterally connected to a horizontal, angled tunnel (scale bar = 5 cm) (D) and deeper, closed chamber containing a brood ball located with the plug slightly inclined from the vertical axis (scale bar = 1 cm) (E), F–G) Branched nests of S. imperator composed of horizontal and shallow tunnels: T-shaped tunnel showing dung (black arrow) provisioned in the long branch and a female (white arrow) in a third parallel burrow (spatula = 25 cm) (F) and four interconnected tunnels, one of them Y-shaped (calipers = 21 cm) (G).Published as part of <i>Sánchez, M. V., Sarzetti, L., Dinghi, P. A. & Genise, J. F., 2012, Nests and Brood Balls of Two South American Species ofSulcophanaeusOlsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini), pp. 55-62 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 66 (1)</i> on page 57, DOI: 10.1649/072.066.0114, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107987">http://zenodo.org/record/10107987</a&gt

Fig. 2 in Nests and Brood Balls of Two South American Species ofSulcophanaeusOlsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini)

Fig. 2. Brood balls of Sulcophanaeus menelas and Sulcophanaeus imperator. A–C) Drop-shaped brood ball of S. menelas showing an upper cone composed of dung fibers partially covered by soil material (A–B, white arrows) and cross-section showing the conduit plugged with dung fibers (black arrows), the egg chamber (left, white arrow), and an egg (right) (C), D –F) Pear-shaped brood ball of S. imperator showing a distinct upper protuberance (D, E, white arrows) with a central open pore (D–F, black arrows) and cross-section showing the egg chamber (white arrow) with an egg and the upper pore (black arrow) (F), G) Egg chamber of S. menelas showing the presence of a moist, thin lining (white arrow) and the conduit plugged with parallel dung fibers (black arrow), H) Egg and egg chamber of S. imperator showing the presence of a thick wall mostly composed of soil material (white arrow) and an upper pore (black arrow). Scale bars = 1 cm.Published as part of <i>Sánchez, M. V., Sarzetti, L., Dinghi, P. A. & Genise, J. F., 2012, Nests and Brood Balls of Two South American Species ofSulcophanaeusOlsoufieff, 1924 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini), pp. 55-62 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 66 (1)</i> on page 58, DOI: 10.1649/072.066.0114, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10107987">http://zenodo.org/record/10107987</a&gt

Stereoborus chinensis Omar and Zhang 2007, new species

Stereoborus chinensis Omar and Zhang, new species ( Figs. 1–16) Holotype. China. Xizang: Male [Chayu [28.38 N, 97.29E] Tiyu, Chayu, Xizang Autonomous Region, 25.VII.1973; Coll. Unknown (Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing)]. Paratypes. 4 male, 10 female specimens, same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Rostrum wider than long; head and disc of pronotum with dense, fine punctures; pronotum: with a black collar anteriorly, more narrow anteriorly than posteriorly, with a deep, circular, unevenly distributed punctures; elytra fuscous, glossy, with a greenish-blue tint; tibia normal, nearly straight, widening slightly distally. Description. Male . BL: 5.75–6.09 mm; EL: 3.25–3.36 mm; EWB: 1.75– 2.10 mm; EWW: 1.75–2.10 mm; PL: 1.56–1.69 mm; PW: 1.56–1.60 mm; RL: 0.37–0.38 mm; RWA: 0.87–0.90 mm; RWB: 0.83–0.89 mm; AL: 1.23–1.41 mm; ASL: 0.30–0.34 mm; AFL: 0.34–0.38 mm; ACL: 0.34–0.35 mm; ACW: 0.25– 0.26 mm. Habitus (Figs. 1 and 2) oblong, linear. Color: ranges from castaneous to dark castaneous, with a dark reddish-brown tint, glossy. Rostrum stout, short, wider than length, shagreened, sparsely, shallowly fine punctate; with a single tubercle in middle at base of rostrum; frons with two shiny tubercles, confluent together to form longitudinal elevation (Figs. 5 and 6). Scrobe well-defined, deep, upper anterior margin in line with middle of eye, then slanting to run underneath eye at posterior margin, point of antennal insertion at middle of rostrum. Antenna brownish-red with pilose club; scape: short; funicle: with 7 articles, first article stout, width equal to length; second article longer than wide, articles 6 and 7 wider than long with sub-erect setae, other articles sub-equal; club: longer than wide, oval, composed of 3 articles; articles 2 and 3 setigerous, setae sub-erect towards apex. Head shallow constriction behind eye, shagreened, oval, frons and anterior 2/3 matte with minute circular punctures, punctures separated by 1–3X puncture diameter, posterior 1/3 with more sparse, fine punctures, their density decreasing towards vertex. Eyes oval, black, prominent, with coarse, convex facets; clearly separated from head. Pronotum with a black collar anteriorly, more narrow anteriorly than posteriorly, deep, circular, unevenly distributed punctures, punctures separated by 2–4X puncture diameter, posterior margin bi-sinuate. Scutellum glossy, subcircular, positioned slightly below level of elytra. Elytra shiny, with greenish-blue tint, convex, smooth, lateral margin crenulate, striae with shallow, circular punctures, punctures separated by approximately 1–2.5X puncture diameter, striae 3 and 7 fused at beginning of declivity, as are striae 4 and 6; intervals smooth, fine and sparsely punctate, sub-equal, slightly convex. Humeri slightly umbonate, forming an angle slightly greater than 90 degrees. Venter pro-sternum with coxal cavity closed, pro-coxae separated by approximately 0.5X diameter of coxa, a slight depression in front of procoxae anteriorly; meso-sternum transverse, meso-coxae separated by approximately 0.75X diameter of coxa, coxal cavity open; meta-sternum with posterior margin bisinuate, a longitudinal sulcus medially, coxal cavity open, coxae separated by approximately 0.5X diameter of coxa; with minute, circular punctures bearing pale, yellowish appressed setae. Ventrite I transverse, II slightly shorter than I, I and II separated with a clear suture, III and IV narrow, V transverse, sparsely punctate. Leg with femur glossy, shiny, robust, laterally flattened, with sparse, minute punctures; tibia nearly straight, widening slightly distally; protibia enlarged, widening much more distally and laterally flattened; with large and arcuate uncus at outer margin, small mucro at inner margin, with minute, sparse, circular punctures, bearing small, pale, yellowish setae; tarsus brownish-red, with 5 tarsomeres, each with a ventral white tuft of setae at apex, tarsomere 1 approximately equal in length to 2 and 3 combined, 2 and 3 short, sub-equal, 5 slightly longer than 1, curved, glossy, glabrous; pre-tarsal claw simple, long, free. Male genitalia. Aedoeagus lateral view, dorsal view and speculum gastrale, illustrated in (Figs. 9–11). Female measurements. BL: 5.44–7.19 mm; EL: 3.06–3.67 mm; EWB: 1.50– 1.95 mm; EWW: 1.65–2.03 mm; PL: 1.50–1.88 mm; PW: 1.53–2.03 mm; RL: 0.34–0.50 mm; RWA: 0.78–1.08 mm; RWB: 0.74–1.03 mm; AL: 1.26–1.63 mm; ASL: 0.30–0.45 mm; AFL: 0.32–0.50 mm; ACL: 0.34–0.38 mm; ACW: 0.30– 0.32 mm. Female genitalia. Hemisternites; spermatheca and 8th sternite, illustrated in (Figs. 14–16). Female inner structure. metendosternite, ventral view, and proventriculis illustrated in (Figs. 12 and 13). Sexual dimorphism. Male with two tubercles on frons and rostrum (Figs. 1, 2, 5 and 6); shiny; head and rostrum with fine, sparse punctures. In females frons with a shallow fovea (Figs. 3, 4, 7 and 8); the head of female also has a greenishblue tint. Etymology. The specific name is derived from China, the country in which this species was collected. Host Plant. Pinus yunnanensis Franchet. Distribution. Xizang Autonomous Region, China. Discussion. The genus Stereoborus previously contained nine species; those can be distinguished by the above key from each other as well as from S. chinesis. Besides the previous key, also, Voss’s key (Voss 1951) is a good tool for distinguishing the four New Guinean species, S. robustus, S. affinis, S. punctirostris and S. inductus, from the new species, S. chinesis. The other three, S. laporteae, S. interstitialis and S. brevirostris, from Australia are be distinguished from the new species by their length, which ranges between 4.50– 5.00 mm and the new one between 5.44–7.19 mm; as well as their scape either as long as funicle, equal or little longer than funicle and club combined where the scape of the new one is shorter than funicle (Lea 1896 and 1915). The Indonesian species, S. monticola, has tibia wide, cuneiform, and with interior margin dentate and concave (Voss 1957) where S. chinensis has a normal tibia. The Samoan species, S. binodifrons, is distinguished by its stria 10 with a carina below it and its mesepimeron impressed on its posterior half and with a trace of shallow punctures along the anterior edge of the impression (Marshall 1921) which those characters are absent in the new species.Published as part of Cantil, L. F., Sánchez Conicet, M. V., Dinghi, P. A. & Genise Conicet, J. F., 2007, Fig. 2 in Food Relocation Behavior, Nests, and Brood Balls of Canthon quinquemaculatus Laporte de Castelnau (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), pp. 200-207 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 24 (2) on pages 202-206, DOI: 10.1649/001

Fig. 3. Double helicoidal wall design. A in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 3. Double helicoidal wall design. A helicoid develops downward to the inferior pole (A), leaving space between whorls to lodge the whorls of the second helicoid, which develops upwards after changing its orientation in the inferior pole (B). These trajectories are complementary and when they are superposed, they form the helicoidal wall (C).Published as part of <i>Sánchez, M. V., Krause, J. M., González, M. G., Dinghi, P. A. & Genise, J. F., 2010, The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), pp. 277-284 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 64 (3)</i> on page 281, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-64.3.277.17, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10102274">http://zenodo.org/record/10102274</a&gt

Fig. 2 in The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 2. Micromorphology of pupation chambers of Sulcophanaeus imperator (A-C) and Anomiopsoides biloba (D-E). A) Internal (white arrows) and external parts of the wall, the latter represented by a set of small, lenticular, juxtaposed pellets (black arrows) that are composed of amorphous organic matter, dung fiber, and minerals, B) Detail of the internal part of the wall composed of flat, lenticular, juxtaposed pellets (white arrow), smaller than those of the external part of the wall, C) Roof of the pupation chamber showing acicular extensions (white arrow) toward the upper pole of the brood ball, where the egg chamber was originally located; in this specimen, part of the egg chamber wall (black arrow) is preserved, D) External part of the wall formed by poorly defined pellets that are composed of minerals and a scarce amount of dung fibers, which are delimited by amorphous organic matter (black arrows) that also cover mineral grain surfaces, E) Detail of the internal part of the wall that is formed by a smooth, thin layer of amorphous organic matter that covers the internal surface of the pupation chamber.Published as part of <i>Sánchez, M. V., Krause, J. M., González, M. G., Dinghi, P. A. & Genise, J. F., 2010, The Pupation Chamber of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), pp. 277-284 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 64 (3)</i> on page 280, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065x-64.3.277.17, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10102274">http://zenodo.org/record/10102274</a&gt