Guided “LegislEUlab” on the Drafting of Multilingual Legal Provisions in the EU: Concept of the Cologne Summer School for European Legal Linguistics

(Beitrag 5. Europäisches Symposium zur Verständlichkeit von Rechtsvorschriften des Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz) Legal training at German universities does not cover the practicalities and challenges of lawmaking. The innovative concept of the Cologne Summer School for European Legal Linguistics “LegislEUlab” encompasses the transdisciplinary teaching, simulation and analysis of the EU legislative procedure. The participants are students of law and translation from various EU Member States. In mixed teams, they prepare their own drafts, implementing the materials of a current proposal for an EU legislative act. They develop an awareness and deeper understanding of linguistic structure, multilingual drafting and its legal effects, comprehensibility of legal provisions and their interpretation and application

Overexpression of HSP70 in mouse skeletal muscle protects against muscle damage and age‐related muscle dysfunction

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/1/fsb2fj030395fje-sup-0001.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154339/2/fsb2fj030395fje.pd

Effect of lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle on age‐related oxidative stress and adaptation after nondamaging contractile activity

[EN] Skeletal muscle aging is characterized by atrophy, a deficit in specific force generation, increased susceptibility to injury, and incomplete recovery after severe injury. The ability of muscles of old mice to produce heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to stress is severely diminished. Studies in our laboratory using HSP70 overexpressor mice demonstrated that lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle provided protection against damage and facilitated successful recovery after damage in muscles of old mice. The mechanisms by which HSP70 provides this protection are unclear. Aging is associated with the accumulation of oxidation products, and it has been proposed that this may play a major role in age-related muscle dysfunction. Muscles of old wild-type (WT) mice demonstrated increased lipid peroxidation, decreased glutathione content, increased catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and an inability to activate nuclear factor (NF)- B after contractions in comparison with adult WT mice. In contrast, levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione content, and the activities of catalase and SOD in muscles of old HSP70 overexpressor mice were similar to adult mice and these muscles also maintained the ability to activate NF- B after contractions. These data provide an explanation for the preservation of muscle function in old HSP70 overexpressor mice.—Broome, C. S., Kayani, A. C., Palomero, J., Dillmann, W. H., Mestril, R., Jackson, M. J., McArdle, A. Effect of lifelong overexpression of HSP70 in skeletal muscle on age-related oxidative stress and adaptation after nondamaging contractile activity

(Data) Altruism and the Law

The paper provides an overview of current conceptions and discussions on altruism in philosophy and law as well as an introduction to the linguistic history of the term. We first examine philosophical debates surrounding the definition and normative desirability of altruism and conclude that while none of the debates can be conclusively resolved, that there is a social phenomenon that can plausibly be called “altruism” and that powerful arguments speak in favour of such behaviour. We argue that even under (hard) positivism, philosophical perspectives influence both the making and the interpretation of law. In light of that, we investigate how altruism can be incorporated by law, both in theory and practice, using examples from German and EU law. Subsequently, the linguistic history of the term "altruism" is explored, finding that it is a deliberate French neologism from the early 19th century that has become an internationalism adopted into many languages. The term “data-altruism” as a novel compound was likely coined by Intel in 2013 in the context of medical research. The European Commission has transferred this term to a broader legal context in the European Data Strategy and later in the new Data Governance Act (DGA). We then combine our philosophical, legal and linguistic insights to evaluate this novel concept of "data altruism" and its reception in the academic literature. We conclude that lawmakers need to clearly define what type of behaviour they refer to with the term “altruism” analyse the motivational structure underpinning the behaviour in question as well as its practical effects. Even though the published reasoning for the inclusion of “Data Altruism” into the DGA has been insufficient in that regard, we believe that it represents a sensible regulatory strategy that may set the tone for the future data economy and foster wider availability of data