Corporations - Securities Exchange Act of 1934 - Rule 10b-5 - Fraud

The Supreme Court of the United States has held that a cause of action under rule 10b-5 must be based on conduct that could be considered manipulative or deceptive; breach of fiduciary duty without deceit is not fraud under the rule. Santa Fe Industries, Inc. v. Green, 430 U.S. 462 (1977)

Gauge invariance of color confinement due to the dual Meissner effect caused by Abelian monopoles

The mechanism of non-Abelian color confinement is studied in SU(2) lattice gauge theory in terms of the Abelian fields and monopoles extracted from non-Abelian link variables without adopting gauge fixing. Firstly, the static quark-antiquark potential and force are computed with the Abelian and monopole Polyakov loop correlators, and the resulting string tensions are found to be identical to the non-Abelian string tension. These potentials also show the scaling behavior with respect to the change of lattice spacing. Secondly, the profile of the color-electric field between a quark and an antiquark is investigated with the Abelian and monopole Wilson loops. The color-electric field is squeezed into a flux tube due to monopole supercurrent with the same Abelian color direction. The parameters corresponding to the penetration and coherence lengths show the scaling behavior, and the ratio of these lengths, i.e, the Ginzburg-Landau parameter, indicates that the vacuum type is near the border of the type1 and type2 (dual) superconductor. These results are summarized that the Abelian fundamental charge defined in an arbitrary color direction is confined inside a hadronic state by the dual Meissner effect. As the color-neutral state in any Abelian color direction corresponds to the physical color-singlet state, this effect explains non-Abelian color confinement and supports the existence of a gauge-invariant mechanism of color confinement due to the dual Meissner effect caused by Abelian monopoles.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure

Bulletin Number 33

Pages without ext omitted from digital copyThis research has been completed under contract to New Zealand Forest Service. While it has a specific focus on the proposed Recreational Hunting Area (RHA) in Canterbury's Lake Sumner Forest Park (LSFP) it has been kept as broad as possible to ensure a regional perspective on Recreational Hunting. The research primarily consists of three surveys, details of which are included in the following chapter. In the first sample, users of LSFP have provided specific management information concerning their use of this Park, as well as important insights into the compatibility of recreational hunting in this area

Dollars and Sense: Maine State Budgeting at a Crossroads

Dollars and Sense: Maine State Budgeting at a Crossroads provides a bird\u27s eye view and analysis. The value of this approach is the capacity to take an arm\u27s length look at state finances. We hope that the broader perspective will promote viewing expenditure and tax policy issues comprehensively, not as isolated slices of the state budget pie, but rather, as interdependent building blocks of a healthy fiscal system. There is an important limitation to an outside study, however, which is actually the same as its strength: distance from the whys and whens. We do not pretend to understand every policy area as fully as specialists within government, nor to be privy to the same information. Thus, this report will be best used as a working document, to encourage and facilitate directed inquiry, open and thoughtful discussion of issues, and hopefully, decisions that can place Maine on a sound fiscal footing for the 1990\u27s.https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/facbooks/1236/thumbnail.jp

Abelian dominance and the dual Meissner effect in local unitary gauges in SU(2) gluodynamics

Performing highly precise Monte-Carlo simulations of SU(2) gluodynamics, we observe for the first time Abelian dominance in the confining part of the static potential in local unitary gauges such as the F12 gauge. We also study the flux-tube profile between the quark and antiquark in these local unitary gauges and find a clear signal of the dual Meissner effect. The Abelian electric field is found to be squeezed into a flux tube by the monopole supercurrent. This feature is the same as that observed in the non-local maximally Abelian gauge. These results suggest that the Abelian confinement scenario is gauge independent. Observing the important role of space-like monopoles in the Polyakov gauge also indicates that the monopoles defined on the lattice do not necessarily correspond to those proposed by 't Hooft in the context of Abelian projection.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figure