Characteristics of the stickwork structure during snare drumming(HUMAN ENVIRONMENT)

Five skilled and 5 unskilled subjects played a snare drum at a rate of 480 bpm after sitting at rest for 6 minutes, then snare drum dynamics were changed from pianissimo, mezzo forte, to fortissimo successively every 3 minutes. The motions were recorded by 2 high-speed video cameras, and 3-dimensional coordinates were calculated using a 3-dimensional DLT method. At the same time, the EMG of the extensor and flexor of the radiocarpal joint, and the acceleration of the mid finger were recorded. Expired gas was simultaneously analyzed to calculate energy expenditure. Accordingly, as the feature was more remarkable at a high sound level, fortissimo was examined in detail by comparing the movement of the skilled group with that of the unskilled group. Although the vertical displacement range of the stick, the speed of the stick tip, and the equivalent sound level did not significantly differ in both groups, the displacement ranges of the hand, forearm, and mid arm, and the energy demand were significantly smaller in the skilled group than in the unskilled group. According to the acceleration data, finger shot was utilized in the skilled group. Furthermore, EMG and video images indicated that the movement of the skilled group was in general earlier and that they utilized the rebound of the stick more effectively

抹茶の総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸の HPLC-アミノ酸分析機による分析(人間環境学)

抹茶中の総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸をリチウムバッファー系のHPLC-アミノ酸分析機で定量した。総アミノ酸は抹茶を1.0Φ×5cm試験管に入れ, ミニナートバルプ容器(25ml)中で6NHCl蒸気の気相加水分解法によった。遊離アミノ酸は試料抹茶中に2%含まれ, そのうちテアニンが最も多く含まれていた。結合型アミノ酸(蛋白態またはペプチド態アミノ酸)は約14.7%であった。本アミノ酸分析機の検出器は, UV-VIS型であるため, ニンヒドリン反応の停止した状態で, 検出波長を254nm, 280nm, 556nm等で検出でき, 未知着色物質や紫外吸収物質の検出, 分取に利用できる。Free amino acids and total amino acids (6N-HCL hydrolysate at 150℃ for 1hr) in Mat-cha (powdered green tea) were determined with an HPLC-amino acid analyzer using lithium citrate buffers. The Mat-cha contained 2% of free amino acid and about 14.7% of bound amino acid (proteins and peptides). Theanine was the most abundant free amino acid. When the ninhydrin-reagent pump was stopped, the effluent from the HPLC-a.a.analyzer was monitored with a UV-VIS detector at 254nm, 280nm, and 556nm to detect and to collect the unknow compounds of the Mat-cha extract

各種の麹納豆中に含まれる総カルシウム, 遊離カルシウム, りん酸, フィチン酸および硝酸の分析(人間環境学)

麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)中の全カルシウム量, 遊離カルシウム量の分析, および全燐酸, 遊離燐酸, フイチン酸, 硝酸イオン含量の定量を行った。これと比較するため糸引き納豆, 米味噌, 八丁味噌, 金山寺味噌の分析・定量も行った。塩納豆は外観はほぼ糸引き納豆に近いものではあるが, 麹味噌の特徴をももっている。浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆は発酵によりフイチン酸含量が減少しており, 硝酸含量は味噌類と同程度であった。これらの結果から麹納豆は糸引き納豆よりカルシウムをはじめZn, Mg, Feなどの利用効率を改善しているものと考えられる。Analyses of total and free calcium, total and free phosphate, phytate and nitrate contents in various Koji Nattoes, Shio-natto, Hama-natto and Daitokuji-natto, were carried out. Itohiki-natto, Rice-Koji Miso, Hattyo Miso, Kinzanji Miso and Kinako were also analysed as samples for comparisons. Sio-natto had an appearance of Itohiki-natto, and was also alike to Koji Miso. Hama-natto and Daitokuji-natto had less phytate content than soybean, so that these Koji Nattoes are good to take nutritional minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc for human nutrition

麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸および遊離アミノ酸の分析(人間環境学)

各種, 麹納豆(塩納豆, 浜納豆, 大徳寺納豆)に含まれる総アミノ酸(6N塩酸, 150℃, 1時間加水分解物)および遊離アミノ酸(水抽出アミノ酸)をクエン酸Li緩衝液イオン交換樹脂法とニンヒドリン発色法によるHPLC-アミノ酸分析機で分析, 定量した。麹納豆のアミノ酸組成の比較のために, きな粉, 味噌, 糸引納豆も同じ前処理条件で操作しアミノ酸分析した。総アミノ酸分析のための加水分解には1.0φ×5cm試験管に各試料を入れ, 6N塩酸0.5ml入れたミニナートバルブ容器(25ml)中にその試験管を2本入れ真空にし, 150℃, 1時間加熱した。きな粉はこれら大豆加工食品中で最も加工度が低いものであるが, 他の発酵食品より水分, 食塩などの含量が低いにもかかわらず遊離アミノ酸含量が0.58%程度であった。きな粉の総アミノ酸量はほぼタンパク質由来と考えられる。糸引き納豆と塩納豆は製造法が似ているものであるが総アミノ酸含量, 遊離アミノ酸含量とも各アミノ酸の組成が類似していた。総アミノ酸合計量に対する遊離アミノ酸合計量の比率はきな粉, 糸引き納豆, みそ, 大徳寺納豆, 塩納豆, 浜納豆の順に高くなり, 加工度, 発酵度合に比例して増加していた。また, 総グルタミン酸量に対する遊離グルタミン酸量の比率は浜納豆の24%が最高で風味に強く影響を与えていた。本研究は平成10∿12年度文部省科学研究費基盤研究(c)の御援助によって行われた。Free amino acids and total amino acids (6N-HCI hydrolysate at 150℃ for 1hr) in koji-nattos were analyzed with an HPLC-amino acid analyzer using lithium citrate buffers and ninhydrin reagent. Amino acids in Kinako and Itohiki-natto were also analyzed under the same condition as that of koji-natto for the comparisons of the amino acid composition among the soybean products. The contents of free amino acids in Kinako was the least among the soybean products analyzed. The compositions and the contents of total and free amino acids in Itohiki-natto and Shio-natto were alike. The ratio of the free amino acid to the total amino acid was low in Kinako, and was higher in Itohiki-natto, Miso, Daitokuji-natto, Shio-natto, and Hama-natto in these order. The ratio in Hama-natto was as high as 0.24,and this high free-amino acid content should enhance the good tastes of this fermented product

ドラム演奏における技能の水準とスティックワークパターンの関係(人間環境学)

To investigate the relationship between skill level and stick work pattern in playing a snare drum, incremental load test of playing snare drum was conducted by 7 skilled and 6 unskilled players at the rate of 15 to 480 beats/min. Expired gas was then analyzed and energy expenditure was calculated. Simultaneously, 3 dimensional high speed video recording was conducted. Consequently, energy demanded of skilled group was significantly lower than that of unskilled group at 480 beats/min. Then the vertical displacement of the center of gravity concerning both upper limb and drumstick of skilled group was significantly smaller. And, on both skilled and unskilled groups, after the center of gravity of drumstick reached its highest point, drumstick tip reached its highest point, successively; the time interval from the former highest point to the latter of the skilled group was significantly longer than that of the unskilled group. This fact means that, concerning skilled group, due to the rotatory motion of drumstick by applying wrist shot and finger shot, contrarily to mainly translational motion in unskilled group, sound pressure level was enabled to equalize to that of unskilled group. The effect, i.e. rotatory motion compensated the low potential energy and short stroke due to small vertical displacement, made the mechanical efficiency of skilled group higher

民生用ビデオカメラによる3次元動作分析用,同期信号発生装置の試作

To analyze 3D motion with 2 household degital camcorders, a synchronizing signal generator constructed by 10 pairs of LEDs and the driving circuit was developed, Ten pieces of red colored 5 cm wide line tape were attached on a L-shaped 1 m long white angle bar at outside surfaces of L-shape with a distance of each 5 cm, and on each red area 2 green LEDs were mounted at both surfaces and these 2 LEDs were connected in series. At video recording, each pair of LEDs (ten pairs in total) were lighted successively for each 1/600 second (1/10 single field time) once each cycle by a singechip mycrocomputer, and this cycle was repeated at intervals of 1 second. The angle bar was set in the vicinity of right or left end of the camera angle, and both outside surfaces of L-shape were trained to 2 camcorders. When an exposure of a camcorder comes across the lighting cycle of LEDs, a certain position and number of LEDs, corresponding to the delay from the lighting of the first pair and the duration of the exposure respectively, are recorded to a camcorder. Based on these records, the time difference of each exposure of 2 camcorders could be calculated, and the coordinates of the subject in the screen image derived from one camcorder could be converted to those synchronized to another camcorder by interpolatio

視覚および聴覚刺激による跳躍反応時間の時系列構造

To investigate the time series structure of jumping reaction time with visual and auditory stimulus, onset time of (1) M. vastus lateralis EMG amplitude, (2) motor response, (3) M. gastrocnemius EMG amplitude, (4) knee joint extension, (5) plantar flexion, respectively following stimulus and (6) jumping reaction time were measured concerning both light and sound in 46 young female subjects. Onset time of (1) was earlier at sound than light stimulus. But the time lag of (1) to (6) was larger at sound. Factor analysis was applied to time series data i. e. from (1) to (6), and 3 factors were extracted. The loading of factor 1 was large at onset time of above discrived (1) and (2) component. Then linear discriminant function on the 3 factors was obtained, and there the coefficient of factor 1 played extremely high significant contribution to discriminate data of each stimulus. As the result, it was made clear that jumping reaction time with visual and auditory stimulus was strongly featured by the onset time of M. vastus lateralis EMG amplitude and that of motor response. (Accepted September 9, 2003

歩行,および走行時における,身体重心鉛直方向加速度波形全波整流平均値の関係

To investigate the relationship of averaged full-wave rectified value of vertical acceleration waveform at the center of body gravity between walking and running, 24 young female subjects executed 4 and 6 km/h walking, and 6 km/h running for the third consecutive minute on a horizontal treadmill. Acceleration sensor signal was input to A-D converter attached to a personal computer and data were stored in floppy disks. Averaged rectified acceleration values of 3 kinds of locomotion derived from software treatment were significantly correlated mutually, but insufficient to estimate one value from another with a high degree of accuracy. And both body height and weight were not correlated to acceleration, absolutely: acceleration values could not be calculated from these data. That is, acceleration depended on the individual variation of the movement structure of walking or running. Therefore, to estimate energy expenditure on an equal precision with heart rate method, all data of acceleration at various locomotion speed or style should be measured directly

バスケットボールのチェストパスにおける技能の水準と換気効率の関係(人間環境学)

バスケットボールの熟練者群と未熟練者群に, チェストパスの距離漸増投球動作, および対照実験として頻度漸増踏み台昇降動作を行わせ, 呼気を分析した。投球動作では, 熟練者のほうがエネルギー消費量が小さいのに, 1分あたりの換気量には両群間に差がなく, 一回換気量は熟練者のほうが小さかった。また, 熟練者のほうが一回呼吸時間が短く, これは吸気時間ではなく, 呼気時間が短いためであった。死腔一回換気量率(VD/VT)と呼気量二酸化炭素排出量率(VE/VCO_2)は, いずれも換気の効率を示すものであるが, 投球動作においてはともに熟練者のほうが大きく, 熟練者は効率の低い換気をすることが明らかとなった。これは, 熟練者の一回換気量が小さいことに起因するものであるが, 熟練者は呼吸のタイミングを動作と密接に結びつけて高いパフォーマンスを発揮しており, その際, 換気の効率よりパフォーマンスのほうが優先される結果であると考えられた。To investigate the relationship between skill level and ventilatory efficiency concerning chest pass of basketball, throwing movement was executed to the target on the wall by 5 skilled and 5 unskilled players. Throwing frequency was fixed to 15 times per minute and distance to the target was increased gradually at each 3 minutes. During the exercise, energy expenditure was measured by analysis of expired air, and minute volume, tidal volume, inspiring time, expiring time, ventilation, fraction of expired carbon dioxide, and end tidal carbon dioxide were recorded. Then the ratio of dead space to tidal volume, and the ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide production at throwing were calculated concerning each distance. Both these 2 indices of skilled players were larger than that of unskilled players due to large respiratory rate of skilled players derived from the short expiring time, although mechanical efficiency was higher than at unskilled players. The reason was supposed that the timing of breathing of skilled players was closely tied to the throwing movement, and throwing performance was given priority to ventilatory efficiency

パーソナルコンピュータとプリンタによるデータレコーダの試作(人間環境学)

A simple 8 channel data recorder was developed which was constructed by a personal computer with A-D converter and a printer. Sampling interval was created with a built-in timer IC (8253), A-D converted data were written into memory ICs not by DMA but with data transfer instruction, and graphic data display on CRT was not executed with graphic controller IC but by writing data into VRAM directly. The printer was driven with graphic command (ESC/Page mode) directly. As the result, the execution speed was very high, and the software for data recording can run on many kinds of personal computers and A-D converter boards by not modifying the program or in little. As this software can be altered at will by each user, this equipment is convenient for anyone engaging in measuring various kinds of electrical signal. As an example, whole body reaction time, electromyogram, goniogram etc. were measured simultaneously : satisfactory result was acquired