Dynamiques sociales et notion de représentation : La position des mouvements ouvriers

Les grandes institutions par lesquelles on définit le mouvement ouvrier, depuis quelque cent vingt ans, sont-elles canal d’expression, voie de représentation ou mécanisme de constitution de la classe ouvrière? À une époque où il semble toujours plus difficile d’arrimer, d’un côté, les besoins et les aspirations des clientèles des partis traditionnels du mouvement ouvrier et, de l’autre, les orientations et les choix de gouvernement des mêmes partis, il a paru nécessaire de s’arrêter spécifiquement à cette problématique. Je la traiterai en analysant le développement des partis ouvriers créés dans le dernier quart du XIXe siècle, la social-démocratie historique, à la lumière notamment des débats théoriques contemporains.Have the large political and social institutions which have defined the labour movement over the past one hundred and twenty years served as channels of expression, as means of representation, or as mechanisms constituting the working class? During an era when it appears ever more difficult to square the circle between the needs and aspirations of labour parties' traditional clients, on the one hand, and the orientations and governing choices of those parties, on the other, it seems particularly relevant to reflect upon this issue. This analysis focuses on the development of the workers' parties formed in the last quarter of the 19th century, that is on historical social democracy, in light of contemporary theoretical debates

Manufacturing requirements in design: The RTM process in aeronautics

A sub-unit of an aeronautical structure (fuselage, fin, wing, etc.) consists of a set of components fixed rigidly together. One of today’s major industrial challenges is to produce these sub-units out of composite materials in order to increase the level of integration and reduce and cost. This article describes a procedure to assist in the industrialisation of aeronautical components produced from composite materials in a design for manufacturing context. In a multi-expertise approach, the problem of optimising integration is combined with the feasibility of injection for the Resin Transfer Molding process. This approach then takes into account admissible manufacturing deviations, defined from a classification of the structure parts. The limits set for admissible deviations guarantee the mechanical behaviour of the assembled component and the requirements of the assembly as a whole. Finally, an industrialisation solutions space is defined. A constraint satisfaction problem solver is used to carry out this research with a spar from a horizontal plane in an aircraft used to illustrate the procedure

Heat transfer in a one-dimensional harmonic crystal in a viscous environment subjected to an external heat supply

We consider unsteady heat transfer in a one-dimensional harmonic crystal surrounded by a viscous environment and subjected to an external heat supply. The basic equations for the crystal particles are stated in the form of a system of stochastic differential equations. We perform a continualization procedure and derive an infinite set of linear partial differential equations for covariance variables. An exact analytic solution describing unsteady ballistic heat transfer in the crystal is obtained. It is shown that the stationary spatial profile of the kinetic temperature caused by a point source of heat supply of constant intensity is described by the Macdonald function of zero order. A comparison with the results obtained in the framework of the classical heat equation is presented. We expect that the results obtained in the paper can be verified by experiments with laser excitation of low-dimensional nanostructures.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure