Expression analysis on 14-3-3 proteins in regenerative liver following partial hepatectomy

<div><p>Abstract 14-3-3 proteins play a vital part in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis as signaling integration points. During liver regeneration, the quiescent hepatocytes go through hypertrophy and proliferation to restore liver weight. Therefore, we speculated that 14-3-3 proteins regulate the progression of liver regeneration. In this study, we analyzed the expression patterns of 14-3-3 proteins during liver regeneration of rat to provide an insight into the regenerative mechanism using western blotting. Only four isoforms (γ, ε, σ and τ/θ) of the 14-3-3 proteins were expressed in regenerative liver after partial hepatectomy (PH). The dual effects, the significant down-regulation of 14-3-3ε and the significant up-regulation of 14-3-3τ/θ at 2 h after PH, might play particularly important roles in S-phase entry. The significant peaks of 14-3-3σ at 30 h and of ε and τ/θ at 24 h might be closely related not only to the G2/M transition but also to the size of hepatocytes. Possibly, the peak of 14-3-3ε expression seen at 168 h plays critical roles in the termination of liver regeneration by inhibiting cellular proliferation.</p></div

Global protein expression patterns at the early stage of planarian head regeneration.

<p>The “Hierarchical diagram” column represents K-means clustering of total of 162 differentially expressed proteins. Red and green colors denote the expression level higher and lower than the control, respectively. The over-represented functional categories of the four clusters were shown in the “Enriched biological processes” column. Categorical data were analyzed using a modified Fisher's exact test. <i>p</i> < 0.05 was considered to be significant.</p

The significantly enriched canonical pathways at the early stage of planarian head regeneration by IPA analysis.

<p>Each histogram is a particular canonical pathway. The size of the histogram is correlated with increasing overlap significance (Fisher’s exact test <i>p</i>-value).</p

Relative expression abundance of the representative proteins in four clusters at the early stage of planarian head regeneration.

<p>*The iTRAQ ratios for 2 h and 6 h using 0 h as control, and the values marked in bold represent up-regulated or down-regulated expression of proteins.</p><p>Relative expression abundance of the representative proteins in four clusters at the early stage of planarian head regeneration.</p