33 research outputs found
Maternal probiotic intervention and luminal IgA levels.
<p>Effect of maternal probiotic intervention on Ln-transformed faecal IgA concentrations (LnFIgA, least squares means+SE). Initial IgA data were expressed as Β΅g/gr faeces. The figure presents aggregated data across test days (PND 24 and 86).The filled bar represents animals born to probiotic-treated dams (nβ=β101) and the hollow bar represents animals born to vehicle-treated dams (nβ=β113). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Effect of maternal probiotic intake and stress on adult gut microflora.
<p>Effect of maternal probiotic intake, neonatal maternal separation (MS) and adult restraint stress (AS) on faecal counts of anaerobes, enterococci and clostridia (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE) in Wistar rats at week 12. Hollow bars represent no-stress control animals or those exposed to adult stress (AS): control vehicle (nβ=β11β19), AS vehicle (nβ=β18β20), control probiotic (nβ=β17), AS probiotic (nβ=β17). Filled bars represent MS or MS+AS animals: MS vehicle (nβ=β20), MS+AS vehicle (nβ=β20), MS probiotic (nβ=β18), MS+AS probiotic (nβ=β19). An asterisk (*) shows significant difference compared to non-stressed (NS-NA) animals in the vehicle subset (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Effect of early life stress and maternal probiotic intake on neonatal gut microflora.
<p>Effect of neonatal maternal separation (MS) and maternal probiotic intake on composition of gut microflora (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE) in Wistar rats at PND 24. Hollow bars represent animals exposed to no neonatal stress (NS): NS vehicle (nβ=β14β20), NS probiotic (nβ=β19β20). Filled bars represent animals exposed to neonatal maternal separation (MS): MS vehicle (nβ=β19β20), MS probiotic (nβ=β20). An asterisk (*) shows significant difference compared to NS animals in the vehicle subset (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Effect of maternal probiotic intervention and stress on ACTH levels.
<p><b>A</b>) Effect of neonatal maternal separation (MS) on natural log transformed plasma ACTH concentrations (LnACTH, least squares means+SE). Initial ACTH data were expressed as pg/mL plasma. The filled bar represents neonatally separated animals (MS, nβ=β107) and the hollow bar represents non-separated animals (NS, nβ=β111). <b>B</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intervention on natural log transformed plasma ACTH concentrations (LnACTH, least squares means+SE). Hollow bar represents animals born to vehicle-treated dams (nβ=β111). Filled bar represents animals born to probiotic-treated dams (nβ=β107). <b>C</b>) Effect of adult stress on natural log transformed plasma ACTH concentrations (LnACTH, least squares means+SE). Hollow bar represents animals exposed to no adult stress (NA, nβ=β71). Filled bar represents animals exposed to adult stress (AS, (nβ=β72). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Effect of maternal probiotics, stress and gender on adult corticosterone levels.
<p><b>A</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intervention and sex on natural log (Ln) transformed plasma corticosterone levels (LnCort, least squares means+SE). Initial corticosterone data were expressed as ng/mL plasma. The figure presents aggregated data across test days (PND 24 and 86). Hollow bars represent males: male vehicle (nβ=β71), male probiotic (nβ=β53). Filled bars represent females: female vehicle (nβ=β62), female probiotic (nβ=β58). <b>B</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intervention and adult restraint stress on Ln-transformed plasma corticosterone concentrations (LnCort, least squares means+SE) in adulthood (week 12).Hollow bars represent animals exposed to no-stress in adulthood (NA): NA vehicle (nβ=β39), NA probiotic (nβ=β35). Filled bars represent animals exposed to stress in adulthood (AS): AS vehicle (nβ=β39), AS probiotic (nβ=β36). <b>C</b>) Effect of adult restraint stress and sex on Ln-transformed plasma corticosterone concentrations (LnCort, least squares means+SE) in adulthood (week 12). Hollow bars represent males: NA male (nβ=β35), AS males (nβ=β36). Filled bars represent females: NA females (nβ=β39), AS females (nβ=β39). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Effect of maternal probiotic intervention, stress, and gender on plasma IgA levels.
<p><b>A</b>) Effect of sex on Ln-transformed plasma IgA concentrations (LnPIgA, least squares means+SE) in rats. The figure presents aggregated data across test days (PND 24 and 86). Initial IgA data were expressed as Β΅g/mL plasma. The hollow bar represents males (nβ=β109) and the filled bar represents females (nβ=β117). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference (<i>p</i>β€0.05). <b>B</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intake and neonatal maternal separation (MS) on Ln-transformed plasma IgA concentrations (LnPIgA, least squares means+SE) in rats at PND 24. The hollow bars represent animals exposed to no-MS (NS): NS vehicle (nβ=β15), NS probiotic (nβ=β19). The filled bars represent animals exposed to MS: MS vehicle (nβ=β19), MS probiotic (nβ=β20). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference relative to vehicle NS animals (<i>p</i>β€0.05). <b>C</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intake, neonatal maternal separation (MS) and adult restraint stress (AS) on Ln-transformed plasma IgA concentrations (LnPIgA, least squares means+SE) in adult rats. Hollow bars represent no-stress control animals or those exposed to adult stress (AS): control vehicle (nβ=β21), AS vehicle (nβ=β20), control probiotic (nβ=β17), AS probiotic (nβ=β17). Filled bars represent MS or MS+AS animals: MS vehicle (nβ=β20), MS+AS vehicle (nβ=β20), MS probiotic (nβ=β18), MS+AS probiotic (nβ=β19). An asterisk (*) shows significant difference compared to control animals in the vehicle subset (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p
Subjective symptoms of cybersickness depend on the direction of virtual ride.
<p>From left to right total: MSAQ score, gastrointestinal symptoms, central symptoms, peripheral symptoms and sopite symptoms. * and **βp<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.</p
Subjective symptoms of cybersickness depend on the direction of virtual ride.
<p>Subjective symptoms of cybersickness depend on the direction of virtual ride.</p
Changes in physiological parameters during forward (black bars) and backward (grey bars) virtual rides.
<p>Each graph shows data values for the last minute of baseline period and for the last minute of simulated ride. AβHeart rate; BβRoot Mean Square of the Successive Differences in R-R intervals (RMSSD); CβStandard Deviation of RR interval (SDRR); DβForehead tonic (DC) skin conductance; EβForehead phasic skin conductance spike frequency; FβForehead phasic (AC) skin conductance spike amplitude RMS. * and **βp<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively.</p
Effect of maternal probiotic intake, stress and gender on faecal counts of <i>E. coli</i>.
<p><b>A</b>) Effect of sex on faecal counts of <i>E. coli</i> (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE) in rats. The figure presents aggregated data across test days (PND 24 and 86).The hollow bar represents males (M, nβ=β109) and the filled bar represents females (F, nβ=β112). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference (<i>p</i>β€0.05). <b>B</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intake and neonatal maternal separation (MS) on faecal counts of <i>E. coli</i> (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE). The figure presents aggregated data across test days (PND 24 and 86).The hollow bars represent animals exposed to no-MS (NS): NS vehicle (nβ=β52), NS probiotic (nβ=β51). The filled bars represent animals exposed to MS: MS vehicle (nβ=β60), MS probiotic (nβ=β56). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference relative to vehicle NNS animals (pβ€0.05). <b>C</b>) Effect of MS and AS on faecal counts of <i>E. coli</i> (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE) in adult Wistar rats (week 12). The hollow bars represent no-stress control animals or those exposed to AS: control (nβ=β33), AS (nβ=β37). The filled bars represent animals exposed to MS or MS+AS: MS (nβ=β38), MS+AS (nβ=β39). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference compared to the control (<i>p</i>β€0.05). <b>D</b>) Effect of maternal probiotic intake and AS on faecal counts of <i>E. coli</i> (Log CFU/gr, least squares means+SE) in adult Wistar rats (week 12). The hollow bars represent animals exposed to no-AS (NA): NA vehicle (nβ=β38), NA probiotic (nβ=β33). The filled bars represent animals exposed to AS: AS vehicle (nβ=β40), AS probiotic (nβ=β36). An asterisk (*) indicates statistical significant difference relative to vehicle NAS animals (<i>p</i>β€0.05).</p