Associations Between the Chemical Constituents of Fine Particulate Matter and Human Health Outcomes: A Literature Review

Exposure to fine particulate matter, PM2.5, a component of air pollution, has known systemic effects on the human body. Research on the specific chemical constituents of PM2.5 that impact human health is fairly new, however. This literature review aims to draw connections between the chemical constituents of PM2.5 and their implications on human health. We conducted an online search for scholarly articles using a number of key-terms, and created a system to filter the search results. We focused on 69 articles pertaining to PM2.5 and its effects on different health systems. We found positive associations of PM2.5 components with human health endpoints in 97% of the studies. While PM2.5 chemical constituent studies are less common than concentration based research, it is clear that conducting more research is necessary to better understand how PM2.5 impacts human health

Domestic violence from an African American woman\u27s perspective

Domestic violence has been ingrained into the fabric of American culture. In the past, such violence against women has been overlooked by society, even condoned. It has gone from being a private problem to a social ill. Its affect has reached epidemic proportions in the United States of America. Although men and women are victims of this violence, women overwhelmingly comprise the majority of those who are victimized. Among these women, African American women experience higher rates of victimization than women from other ethnic groups. This thesis defines and discusses domestic violence in the context of the dynamics of violent relationships, the functions of violence, the characteristics of abusers and victims, the causes of violence, and its prevalence in the United States. It also highlights domestic violence from the unique prospective of African American women. Particular emphasis was focused toward the experiences of African American women in the United States of America, And the impact these experiences have had on their romantic relationships. Data obtained from 36 African American college students was used to highlight information presented in the literature

United States: Freeing South Africa Freeing Ourselves

This item is part of the Chicago Anti-Apartheid Movement collection at the College Archives & Special Collections department of Columbia College Chicago. Contact [email protected] for more information and to view the collection.https://digitalcommons.colum.edu/cadc_caam_posters/1095/thumbnail.jp

<i>FGFR2</i> Is Amplified in the NCI-H716 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line and Is Required for Growth and Survival

<div><p>Aberrant kinase activation resulting from mutation, amplification, or translocation can drive growth and survival in a subset of human cancer. <i>FGFR2</i> is amplified in breast and gastric cancer, and we report here the first characterization of <i>FGFR2</i> gene amplification in colorectal cancer in the NCI-H716 colorectal cancer cell line. <i>FGFR2</i> is highly expressed and activated in NCI-H716 cells, and FGFR selective small molecule inhibitors or FGFR2 shRNA strongly inhibited cell viability <i>in vitro</i>, indicating “addiction” of NCI-H716 cells to FGFR2. NCI-H716 growth in a xenograft model was also inhibited by an FGFR small molecule inhibitor. FGFR2 was required for activation of multiple downstream signaling proteins including AKT, ERK, S6RP and NFKB. Inhibition of downstream kinases such as AKT or ERK alone had modest effects on proliferation, whereas combined inhibition of AKT and ERK signaling resulted in a loss of viability similar to FGFR2 inhibition. We identified elevated <i>FGFR2</i> expression in a small subset of primary colorectal cancer, however <i>FGFR2</i> amplification was not observed. Although <i>FGFR2</i> amplification is not common in primary colon cancer or lymph node and liver metastases, other subsets of colorectal cancer such as ascites, from which the NCI-H716 cell line was derived, have yet to be tested. These results suggest that emerging FGFR inhibitor therapeutics may have efficacy in a subset of colon cancer driven by <i>FGFR2</i> amplification.</p></div

FGFR2 is required for growth of NCI-H716 cells.

<p>A. PD173074 and MK2461 inhibit FGFR2 phosphorylation. Cells were treated for 1 hour with a titration of PD173074 as described in Materials and methods. Lysates were prepared and 50 ug protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE and western blotting with phospho Y653/654 FGFR and MAB6841 total FGFR2 antibody. B. PD173074 and MK2461 inhibit NCI-H716 cell growth. Cell lines were plated at 4000 cells/well and incubated overnight. NCI-H716 cells were treated with a titration of PD173074 as described in Materials and Methods. Cell growth was measured with Vialight reagent, and growth was presented relative to untreated cells. C. PD173074 and MK2461 selectively inhibit growth of NCI-H716 cells. Colon cancer cell lines listed were plated at 4000 cells/well and 24 hours later were treated with a titration of compounds. 4 days later cell growth was measured with vialight and IC50s were calculated from graph pad prism. D. <i>FGFR2</i> shRNA decreases FGFR2 protein in NCI-H716 cells. <i>FGFR2</i> shRNA was prepared and NCI-H716 cells were infected as described in methods. Left, FGFR2 expression was analyzed with phospho Y653/654 and total protein with MAB6841. E. Growth was analyzed 5 days post infection with Vialight reagent.</p

MK2461 has efficacy in NCI-H716 xenografts.

<p>A. 5×10exp6 NCI-H716 cells were implanted subcutaneously into Balb/c nude mice and treated with MK2461 at either 300 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg on a QD dosing schedule. Relative tumor growth is indicated on the Y axis. B. Tumor bearing mice were treated with a single dose of MK2461 at either 300 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg. Tumors were isolated at either 4 or 24 hours post treatment, and placed in liquid nitrogen. Tumors were processed using the tissue lyzer (Qiagen) as described in materials and methods and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting with the indicated phospho and total antibodies.</p