Likelihood Ratio (LRTs) and McDonald-Kreitman tests' results on the sequence datasets of the mtDNA genes <i>COX1, COX2, Cytb, ND1, ND4L, ATP8</i> and the nuclear gene <i>Cyc</i> of pulmonates.

*<p>p<<0.05,</p>**<p>p<<0.01, n.s.: non significant,</p>a<p>Fisher' s test p-value, npc: number of pairwise comparisons that the neutrality index (N.I.) was <1, FDR: False Discovery Rate for multiple-hypothesis-testing correction,</p>b<p>indicated (probability >0.99) both by the Bayes empirical Bayes and the Naïve empirical Bayes methods in all model comparisons,</p>c<p>indicated only by the Naïve empirical Bayes method in all model comparisons.</p><p>The tree length (TL) is given as a measure of sequence divergence (nucleotide substitutions per codon along the tree).</p

The pulmonate genera and genes analyzed under the maximum likelihood approach inference of adaptive evolution using PAML.

*<p>PAML analyses performed both on multiple species and on a single species (multiple populations per species).</p>**<p>PAML analyses performed separately on single species of the genus (multiple populations per species).</p>@<p>The two datasets of Albinaria in COX1 include different species.</p><p>Length of sequences is given in base pairs (bp). The datasets that were subjected to the McDonald-Kreitman test are indicated with Y. Accession numbers are provided for sequence data generated for this study, and for sequence data available in GenBank but not published.</p

Additional file 1 of PeTTSy: a computational tool for perturbation analysis of complex systems biology models

This PDF includes the derivation of period derivatives, phase derivatives, phase infinitesimal response curves and describes the projection of the solution derivative onto rotational and amplitude variations (for the Amplitude/Phase Derivatives Scatterplot)

Additional file 1 of ReTrOS: a MATLAB toolbox for reconstructing transcriptional activity from gene and protein expression data

Toolbox and data. The MATLAB code for running ReTrOS toolbox. This also includes the data used in the illustrative examples and the user manual that provides the instructions on how to run the toolbox. (ZIP 52838 kb

Carbon Nanotube and Semiconductor Nanorods Hybrids: Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Photocurrent Generation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and semiconductor nanocrystals (SCNCs) are known to be interesting donor–acceptor partners due to their unique optical and electronic properties. These exciting features have led to the development of novel composites based on these two nanomaterials and to their characterization for use in various applications, such as components in sensors, transistors, solar cells and biomedical devices. Two approaches based on covalent and noncovalent methods have been suggested for coupling the SCNCs to CNTs. Most covalent conjugation methods used so far were found to disrupt the electronic structure of the CNTs or interfere with charge transfer in the CNT–SCNC interface. Moreover, it offers random and poorly organized nanoparticle coatings. Therefore, noncovalent methods are considered to be ideal for better electronic coupling. However, a key common drawback of noncovalent methods is the lack of stability which hampers their applicability. In this article, a method has been developed to couple semiconductor seeded nanorods onto CNTs through π–π interactions. The CNTs and pyrene conjugated SCNC hybrid materials were characterized by both microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Fluorescence and photocurrent measurements suggest the proposed pi-stacking approach results in a strong electronic coupling between the CNTs and the SCNCs leading to better photocurrent efficiency than that of a covalent conjugation method reported using similar SCNC material. Overall, the CNT–SCNC films reported in the present study open the scope for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices for various applications

Semiconductor Nanorod–Carbon Nanotube Biomimetic Films for Wire-Free Photostimulation of Blind Retinas

We report the development of a semiconductor nanorod-carbon nanotube based platform for wire-free, light induced retina stimulation. A plasma polymerized acrylic acid midlayer was used to achieve covalent conjugation of semiconductor nanorods directly onto neuro-adhesive, three-dimensional carbon nanotube surfaces. Photocurrent, photovoltage, and fluorescence lifetime measurements validate efficient charge transfer between the nanorods and the carbon nanotube films. Successful stimulation of a light-insensitive chick retina suggests the potential use of this novel platform in future artificial retina applications