The braincase of <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (AzMNH P-2117), Turonian, Lower Cretaceous Moreno Hill Formation, west-central New Mexico in A, posterior; B, left lateral; and C, anterior views.

<p>Reconstructed nerves are indicated in yellow and blood vessels in red. The braincase of <i>Nothronychus</i> in <b>D</b>, posterior; <b>E</b>, left lateral; and <b>F</b>, anterior views. Reconstructed tendon attachment points are indicated in blue and muscle insertion points in pink. The scale bar equals approximately 2 centimeters. Modified from Smith [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117281#pone.0117281.ref012" target="_blank">12</a>].</p

The braincase of <i>Falcarius utahensis</i> (UMNH VP 15000), Barremian, Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Crystal Geyser Site, Utah in A, posterior; B, left lateral; and C, anterior views.

<p>Reconstructed nerves are indicated in yellow and blood vessels in red. The braincase of <i>Falcarius</i> in <b>D</b>, posterior; <b>E</b>, left lateral; and <b>F</b>, anterior views. Reconstructed tendon attachment points are indicated in blue and muscle insertion points in pink. The scale bar equals approximately 2 centimeters. Modified from Smith et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117281#pone.0117281.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>].</p

Reconstructed craniocervical musculature in the therizinosaurs <i>Falcarius utahensis</i> and <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (after Scott Hartman, 2013).

<p><b>A</b>, superficial; <b>B</b>, middle; and <b>C</b>, deep musculature. In the deep musculature, m. rectus capitis anterior would pass medial to the cervical ribs. Modifications by Eric Snively and David Smith.</p

Therizinosaur craniocervical muscle origins, insertions, and functions based on theropod inferences of Snively and Russell [2, 3] and Tsuihiji [4].

<p>Therizinosaur craniocervical muscle origins, insertions, and functions based on theropod inferences of Snively and Russell [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117281#pone.0117281.ref002" target="_blank">2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117281#pone.0117281.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>] and Tsuihiji [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117281#pone.0117281.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>].</p

Enantioselective Component Selection in Multicomponent Supramolecular Gels

We investigate a two-component acid–amine gelation system in which chirality plays a vital role. A carboxylic acid based on a second generation l-lysine dendron interacts with chiral amines and subsequently assembles into supramolecular gel fibers. The chirality of the amine controls the assembly of the resulting diastereomeric complexes, even if this chirality is relatively “poor quality”. Importantly, the selective incorporation of one enantiomer of an amine over the other into the gel network has been demonstrated, with the <i>R</i> amine that forms complexes which assemble into the most stable gel being primarily selected for incorporation. Thermodynamic control has been proven by forming a gel exclusively with an <i>S</i> amine, allowing the <i>R</i> enantiomer to diffuse through the gel network, and displacing it from the “solidlike” fibers, demonstrating that these gels adapt and evolve in response to chemical stimuli to which they are exposed. Excess amine, which remains unincorporated within the solidlike gel fiber network, can diffuse out and be reacted with an isocyanate, allowing us to quantify the enantioselectivity of component selection but also demonstrating how gels can act as selective reservoirs of potential reagents, releasing them on demand to undergo further reactions; hence, component-selective gel assembly can be coupled with controlled reactivity

Cranial nerve revisions.

<p>Cranial nerve revisions.</p

Basicranium of <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (AzMNH 2117) Cretaceous (Turonian) Moreno Hill Formation, Zuni Basin, West-Central New Mexico in A, posterior and B, left lateral views.

<p>Scale bar equals approximately 2 cm. Modified from Smith [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198155#pone.0198155.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>] with permission from Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.</p

Schematic extant bird skull in A, right lateral and B, right internal view.

<p>Red represents skull originating from neural crest, blue, cephalic mesoderm origin, and green cephalic mesoderm origin. Modified from Couly, Coltey, and Le Douarin (1993) with permission from Development.</p

A re-evaluation of the basicranial soft tissues and pneumaticity of the therizinosaurian <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (Theropoda; Maniraptora) - Fig 2

<p><b>Basicranium of <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (AzMNH 2117)</b> Cretaceous (Turonian) Moreno Hill Formation, Zuni Basin, West-Central New Mexico in A. posterior view. Pink represents bascranial muscle insertion points. Blue represents supraspinous ligament attachment point. and B. left lateral view. Blue/purple/green represents pneumatic spaces and the columellar recess, yellow nerves, and red venous structures. Scale bar equals approximately 2 cm. Modified from Smith [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0198155#pone.0198155.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>] with permission from Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.</p

Reconstruction of Basicranial Soft Tissues of <i>Nothronychus mckinleyi</i> (AzMNH 2117) Cretaceous (Turonian) Moreno Hill Formation, Zuni Basin, West-Central in A, left; B, left with basicranium superimposed; C, dorsal; D, ventral; and E, anterior views.

<p>Blue represents endocranial cavity, Yellow represents cranial nerve tracts, dark red represents vascular and light red represents inner ear structures. Scale bar equals approximately 1 centimeter. After Lautenschlager et al. (2012) with permission from PlosOne.</p