4,793 research outputs found
Migrants, immigrants and welfare from the Old Poor Law to the Welfare State
Under the Old Poor Law internal migrants moved from one jurisdiction to another when they crossed parochial boundaries. Following the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 central government took an enlarged and expanding part in welfare. As it did so, the entitlement to welfare of immigrants from overseas was scrutinised at a national level in a way that was analogous to the manner in which the status of internal migrants had previously been scrutinised at a parochial level. Having established this analogy, the essay asks whether the entitlement to welfare of outsiders improved or deteriorated over time and seeks to account for the broad trends
Jews and the British Empire c.1900
In the years of high imperialism at the beginning of the twentieth century what bearing did the British Empire have on the Jews, or Jews on the British Empire? The silence of scholarship might lead us to answer ‘not very much’. Concerned with the legacy of Jewish emancipation, the dynamics of social integration, the challenge of large-scale migration, and the representation of Jewish difference in political argument, historians of the Jews have barely touched on the subject. Historians of empire, for their part, have had other preoccupations too. Perhaps the identification of imperialism with Jewish finance by J. A. Hobson and other radical critics of empire in the 1890s and early 1900s, as well as the Jew-baiting rhetoric of some critics, has rendered the relationship of Jews to the Empire a difficult problem for later generations to address
Sample Complexity Bounds on Differentially Private Learning via Communication Complexity
In this work we analyze the sample complexity of classification by
differentially private algorithms. Differential privacy is a strong and
well-studied notion of privacy introduced by Dwork et al. (2006) that ensures
that the output of an algorithm leaks little information about the data point
provided by any of the participating individuals. Sample complexity of private
PAC and agnostic learning was studied in a number of prior works starting with
(Kasiviswanathan et al., 2008) but a number of basic questions still remain
open, most notably whether learning with privacy requires more samples than
learning without privacy.
We show that the sample complexity of learning with (pure) differential
privacy can be arbitrarily higher than the sample complexity of learning
without the privacy constraint or the sample complexity of learning with
approximate differential privacy. Our second contribution and the main tool is
an equivalence between the sample complexity of (pure) differentially private
learning of a concept class (or ) and the randomized one-way
communication complexity of the evaluation problem for concepts from . Using
this equivalence we prove the following bounds:
1. , where is the Littlestone's (1987)
dimension characterizing the number of mistakes in the online-mistake-bound
learning model. Known bounds on then imply that can be much
higher than the VC-dimension of .
2. For any , there exists a class such that but .
3. For any , there exists a class such that the sample complexity of
(pure) -differentially private PAC learning is but
the sample complexity of the relaxed -differentially private
PAC learning is . This resolves an open problem of
Beimel et al. (2013b).Comment: Extended abstract appears in Conference on Learning Theory (COLT)
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Managed Care Provider Volume
There is considerable evidence that patients that are treated by high volume physicians and hospitals have better health outcomes than patients treated by low volume physicians and hospitals. Thus, as an indirect measure of quality differences between managed care and traditional fee-for-service insurance, we compare the average provider volume of cancer patients covered by these two types of plans. We find that managed care patients tend to be treated by lower volume providers and that the magnitude of the differences varies by the particular cancer and managed care plan.
Synchronizing to the Environment: Information Theoretic Constraints on Agent Learning
We show that the way in which the Shannon entropy of sequences produced by an
information source converges to the source's entropy rate can be used to
monitor how an intelligent agent builds and effectively uses a predictive model
of its environment. We introduce natural measures of the environment's apparent
memory and the amounts of information that must be (i) extracted from
observations for an agent to synchronize to the environment and (ii) stored by
an agent for optimal prediction. If structural properties are ignored, the
missed regularities are converted to apparent randomness. Conversely, using
representations that assume too much memory results in false predictability.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, Santa Fe Institute Working Paper 01-03-020,
http://www.santafe.edu/projects/CompMech/papers/stte.htm
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Mistriaged Advanced Life Support Patients in a Two-Tiered, Suburban Emergency Medical Services System
Introduction: Emergency medical services (EMS) systems exist to provide prehospital care in diverse environments throughout the world. Advanced Life Support (ALS) services can provide advanced care including 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), endotracheal intubation and parenteral medication administration. Basic Life Support (BLS) can provide basic care such as splinting, wound care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. ALS can release patients to BLS for transport to the hospital, and this is an area of high risk. Our study examines patients who were triaged and admitted to a critical care location, including an intensive care unit (ICU), cardiac catheterization laboratory, or operating room (OR).Methods: The analysis included data from 2007–2015 of all patients who were triaged. We evaluated demographics, admission diagnoses, and dispositions using descriptive statistics. Diagnoses were grouped into categories based on the system.Results: We found that 372/17,639 (2%) of patients were mistriaged to BLS and admitted to a critical care location. The average age was 64. The most common diagnosis categories were neurological (24%), gastrointestinal (GI)/abdominal pain (15%), respiratory (12%), and cardiac (12%).Conclusion: It is uncommon for patients triaged from ALS to BLS to be admitted to an ICU, catheterization lab or OR, with a rate of 2%. Neurological, GI, sepsis, and trauma diagnoses were the most frequent categories of patient complaints that were mistriaged. This study should lead to further studies to examine this patient population
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