Measurement of the angle α.

<p>Paraaxial (parallel to the axis of the femoral neck) reformation CT image in case 3. The angle α was defined by a line between the centre of the femoral head and the anterior point, where the distance of the centre of the femoral head exceeds the radius of the surface of the femoral head and a second line between the centre of the femoral head and the centre of the femoral neck at its narrowest point.</p

CT-characteristics and location of HPs.

<p>HU Hounsfield Units.</p><p>lobul. lobulated.</p><p>trans. transition zone.</p

Angle α of the femurs with HPs and signs of OA of the respective hip joint.

<p>Angle α of the femurs with HPs and signs of OA of the respective hip joint.</p

CT examination of case 6 with HP and a prominent anterior femoral head neck junction.

<p>Disarticulated left femur. (<b>A</b>) Axial CT slice illustrating a small round to oval HP (arrow). (<b>B</b>) Paraxial CT reformation image demonstrating the prominent anterior femoral head neck junction and the HP at the femoral neck (arrow).</p

Location of HPs.

<p>Typical location of HPs in the superior portion of the anterior femoral neck (<b>A</b>, <b>B</b>) and less common location in the transition zone between the superior and inferior portion of the anterior femoral neck (<b>C</b>, <b>D</b>). (<b>A</b>, <b>C</b>) Modified three-dimensional CT reconstructions of living patients with HPs. (<b>B</b>, <b>D</b>) Parasagittal (perpendicular to the femoral neck axis) CT reformation images of case 2 and 3 with division into a superior (between 9 and 12 o'clock) and inferior (between 6 and 9 o'clock) portion.</p

CT examination of case 2 with bilateral and multifocal HPs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Axial CT slice illustrating a small subcortical/subchondral cyst inside the anterior border of the right acetabulum (short arrow) and multifocal HPs in the left anterior femur (long arrow). (<b>B</b>) Paraxial and (<b>C</b>) paracoronar CT reformation images of the right femur showing a small round HP with sclerotic margin (arrow). (<b>D</b>) Paraxial CT reformation image of the left femur demonstrating a HP with clearly visible cortical break (arrow). Note partial preservation of the joint capsule including labral structures. (<b>E</b>) Paracoronar CT reformation image of the left femur showing one round to oval HP medially and one round to oval lobulated HP laterally (arrow).</p

Checklist and Scoring System for the Assessment of Soft Tissue Preservation in CT Examinations of Human Mummies

<div><p>The purpose of this study was to develop a checklist for standardized assessment of soft tissue preservation in human mummies based on whole-body computed tomography examinations, and to add a scoring system to facilitate quantitative comparison of mummies. Computed tomography examinations of 23 mummies from the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo, Sicily (17 adults, 6 children; 17 anthropogenically and 6 naturally mummified) and 7 mummies from the crypt of the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit of Vilnius, Lithuania (5 adults, 2 children; all naturally mummified) were used to develop the checklist following previously published guidelines. The scoring system was developed by assigning equal scores for checkpoints with equivalent quality. The checklist was evaluated by intra- and inter-observer reliability. The finalized checklist was applied to compare the groups of anthropogenically and naturally mummified bodies. The finalized checklist contains 97 checkpoints and was divided into two main categories, “A. Soft Tissues of Head and Musculoskeletal System” and “B. Organs and Organ Systems”, each including various subcategories. The complete checklist had an intra-observer reliability of 98% and an inter-observer reliability of 93%. Statistical comparison revealed significantly higher values in anthropogenically compared to naturally mummified bodies for the total score and for three subcategories. In conclusion, the developed checklist allows for a standardized assessment and documentation of soft tissue preservation in whole-body computed tomography examinations of human mummies. The scoring system facilitates a quantitative comparison of the soft tissue preservation status between single mummies or mummy collections.</p></div

Statistical tests and raw isotopic data of the non-adult population from each cemetery.

The file includes the results of the Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality and Mann-Whitney tests, the raw data for the carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses performed on the non-adult samples from the four urban and rural cemeteries studied, and the descriptive statistical analysis of the urban and rural female individuals categorized by age. (DOCX)</p

Summary statistics of non-adult isotopic values for each subcategory.

Summary statistics of non-adult isotopic values for each subcategory.</p

Historical context of this study.

Major socio-political events and the corresponding timeframes of burials in the analyzed cemeteries.</p