9 research outputs found
About the stabilization of the dendritic structure of GG brand copper powder
In industry copper powder is recieved under constant current load. Surface roughening occurs during evolution of the dendritic particles. It is suggested to create a new impulse of current equal to the initial current density of 3200 A/m2 in order to obtain uniform structure of the precipitate. Current load was evaluated by the result of chronopotentiometry research of the dynamics of the dendritic precipitate on cylindrical electrode. Four-impulse galvanostatic electrolysis was investigated for the copper powder GG. New current impulse shifts the electrode potential to the cathodic area, crystallization process flows more rapidly.This work was done under financial support from RFBR β 11-03-002296
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°
Copper and nickel ions are accumulated in the solution during electrolytic refining of copper. These ions need to be extracted from the solution from time to time. In industry copper extraction is carried out in two stages. It results in copper ions concentration reducing to 1 g/l. Numerical simulation was used to define dependence of the process of copper extraction from particular parameters: mixing of electrolyte, volume of electrolyte, area of cathodic surface. The process of copper extraction was investigated in still electrolyte and during mixing of the solution. Smooth and compact precipitate crystallized on the cathode in all experiments. Rate of copper extraction during mixing of electrolyte is higher than in still electrolyte. The industrial method of abuseive sulphate electrolyte results in the formation on the cathode dendritic sediment copper ions which are restored in extreme conditions. The decrease in the concentration of copper at I = const causes the formation of dendritic sludge that is easily crumbles to the bottom of the cell, enriching copper sludge. Guarantee smooth sediment when basmajian with obtaining compact copper,Β excluding besides the recovery of arsenic emitting poisonous arsina cars is the organization of intensive mixing or electrolyte circulation, ensuring the recovery of copper ions in limitless conditions smooth and sediment.ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1 Π³/Π». Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ,. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅
Analysis of structural variations of the precipitate based on monitoring the industrial electrolysis of copper powders of various brands
This study is associated with the solution to the blending problem of the charge for the output of ready articles. The main requirements are claimed to the specific surface and the packed density of the powders of basic brands PML0, PMS-1, and GG. The dynamics of the development of the dendrite depositions for powders of mentioned brands with the simultaneous registration of the cathodic overvoltage is investigated under industrial experimental conditions. The procedure is developed and the results of the continuous monitoring of the deposition growth with the direct immersion of a video camera into the electrolyte are presented. The reproducibility of the results is evaluated statistically. Based on the galvanostatic crystallization model of the dendrite deposition on the rod electrode, the dynamics of varying the density (N) and radius (r t) of growing tips on the growth front is calculated. It is established by variance analysis that structural parameters N and r t are individual for depositions of every brand, so that the preparation conditions of the deposition during the electrolysis should be strictly fulfilled as the charge forms. Β© 2013 Allerton Press, Inc
Effect of the Nature of Deposited Metal on the Morphology of Electrolytic Deposits
Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ: Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ (ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°), Π²ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π» Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π° NiβCo ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΡ
Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°ΠΌ.It was found that the nature of metal ions discharged at the cathode has a significant effect on the deposit morphology. Pure nickel deposits have a typical foam structure with large pores composed of dendrites. The Ni-Co alloy deposits are characterized by morphology close to loose powder metals
About the stabilization of the den-dritic structure of copper powder brand GG
Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° 3200 Π/ΠΌ2. Π’ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ GG. ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ
Electrochemical copper extraction from sulphate electrolyte
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 1 Π³/Π». Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ. Π‘ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
. Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ I = const Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ, ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ° Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°.Copper and nickel ions are accumulated in the solution during electrolytic refining of copper. These ions need to be extracted from the solution from time to time. In industry copper extraction is carried out in two stages. It results in copper ions concentration reducing to 1 g/l. Numerical simulation was used to define dependence of the process of copper extraction from particular parameters: mixing of electrolyte, volume of electrolyte, area of cathodic surface. The process of copper extraction was investigated in still electrolyte and during mixing of the solution. Smooth and compact precipitate crystallized on the cathode in all experiments. Rate of copper extraction during mixing of electrolyte is higher than in still electrolyte. The industrial method of abuseive sulphate electrolyte results in the formation on the cathode dendritic sediment copper ions which are restored in extreme conditions. The decrease in the concentration of copper at I = const causes the formation of dendritic sludge that is easily crumbles to the bottom of the cell, enriching copper sludge. Guarantee smooth sediment when basmajian with obtaining compact copper, excluding besides the recovery of arsenic emitting poisonous arsina cars is the organization of intensive mixing or electrolyte circulation, ensuring the recovery of copper ions in limitless conditions smooth and sediment
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ
The paper considers a method used to determine Faraday current efficiency (CeF) based on the ratio of partial currents of metal and hydrogen reduction. To calculate the Faraday current efficiency based on polarization measurements, it is necessary to know the working current density and potential (Ei) at which the metal is deposited in the corresponding solution, as well as kinetic parameters of hydrogen evolution for determining the partial current density of hydrogen (iΠ2 ) at this potential. The proposed method was used to calculate current efficiency for the processes of nickel extraction and nickel coating application from solutions containing nickel sulfate at current density of 300 A/m2. The study allowed to determine kinetic parameters of hydrogen evolution by the polarization curve obtained in the background electrolyte solution containing 120 g/l of magnesium sulfate and 18 g/l of boric acid at pH = 3.9. An equation was obtained to calculate the partial current density of hydrogen evolution at any potential by kinetic parameters. The use of kinetic regularities made it possible to calculate nickel CeF in sulphate solutions of different composition and with different pH values (3.0 and 4.1). The calculated CeF values within the margin of error coincide with the current efficiency value determined by the gravimetric method using a copper coulometer. It is shown that the division of the Β«total current efficiencyΒ» (CeΞ£), which is a commercial indicator, into Faraday (CeF) and apparatus (Ceap) indicators in combination with the method using partial polarization provide additional information about the degree of process perfection.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ (CeF), ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ CeF Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» (Ei), ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° (iΠ2 ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° 300 Π/ΠΌ2. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 120 Π³/Π» ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ 18 Π³/Π» Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ = 3,9. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ CeF Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎ- ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Ρ ΡΠ = 3,0 ΠΈ 4,1. Π Π°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ CeF Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Β«ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΒ» (CeΞ£) Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (CeF) ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ (Ceap) Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°