Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyses of changes in the composition of floral meadows through time and among cities.

<p>A. Perennial meadows across all cities, separated by survey round. B. Annual meadows across all cities, separated by survey round. In A and B, letters and ellipses show the centroid and 95% confidence limits for each survey round. C. Perennial meadows across all survey rounds, separated by city. D. Annual meadows across all survey rounds, separated by city. In C and D, letters and ellipses show the centroid and 95% confidence limits for each city. In D. the centroid for Bristol is hidden by, and almost identical to, the centroid for Leeds.</p

Seasonal patterns in the proportion of available daily nectar sugar contributed by individual plant species for Edinburgh meadows sown with A. perennial, B. annual A1, and C. annual A2 treatments.

<p>The percentage of total meadow nectar sugar mass attributable to each species is indicated by the height of the filled polygon for that species at a given seasonal time point. Values at each time point are based on 100x 1m² quadrats across 5 replicate meadows at each time point for each meadow treatment. Note that in both annual and perennial treatments, native perennial weeds provided up to 100% of nectar and pollen resources early in the year.</p

Seasonal patterns in nectar sugar availability across four UK cities for meadows sown with A. perennial, B. annual A1, and C. annual A2 treatments, assessed at three-week intervals in 2013.

<p>Values at each time point are means based on 7x 1m² quadrats, with dark shading showing 95% confidence limits. Plots for individual sites are shown for Bristol, Reading and Leeds in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158117#pone.0158117.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a>.</p

Mean pollen volume per 24h per floral unit for species in A. the annual seed mix, B. the perennial seed mix, and C. native weeds in either mix.

<p>Values shown are ranked means in each group. Mean values and standard errors, longevity and pollen volume/floral unit are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158117#pone.0158117.s011" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>). Images of the top ranked species in each group are shown, with the highest-ranked at right. Images are provided by the project team with the exceptions of <i>Chamerion angustifolium</i> (author: Ewan Cole) provided in 2016 under a (CCAL) CC BY 4.0 license by the Urban Flora of Scotland project.</p

Seasonal patterns in pollen availability across four UK cities for meadows sown with A. perennial, B. annual A1, and C. annual A2 treatments, assessed at three-week intervals in 2013.

<p>Values at each time point are means based on 7x 1m² quadrats, with dark shading showing 95% confidence limits.</p

Seasonal patterns in daily nectar sugar availability for individual Edinburgh meadows sown with A. perennial, B. annual A1, and C. annual A2 treatments.

<p>Data were sampled at three-week intervals through 2013. Values at each time point are means based on 20x 1m² quadrats, with dark shading showing 95% confidence limits. The poor performance of the Saughton perennial meadow was due to accidental mowing, and this replicate was excluded from statistical analyses.</p

Seasonal patterns in daily pollen availability for individual Edinburgh meadows sown with A. perennial, B. annual A1, and C. annual A2 treatments.

<p>Data were sampled at three-week intervals through 2013. Values each time point are means based on 20x 1m² quadrats, with dark shading showing 95% confidence limits.</p

Mean nectar sugar mass per 24h per floral unit for species in A. the annual seed mix, B. the perennial seed mix, and B. native weeds in either mix.

<p>Values shown are ranked means in each group (mean values and standard errors are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158117#pone.0158117.s011" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>). Images of the top ranked species in each group are shown, with the highest-ranked at right. Images are provided by the project team with the exceptions of <i>Echium vulgare</i> (author: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Wsiegmund" target="_blank">Ewan</a> Cole) provided in 2016 under a (CCAL) CC BY 4.0 license from the Urban Flora of Scotland project.</p

Mean, median and quartile values for nectar sugar mass/m²/day for each meadow treatment type across all cities and surveys, showing significant difference groups (p < 0.05) by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer-Nemenyi test.

<p>Mean, median and quartile values for nectar sugar mass/m²/day for each meadow treatment type across all cities and surveys, showing significant difference groups (p < 0.05) by the post-hoc Tukey-Kramer-Nemenyi test.</p