Selective Oxidation of Pregabalin Drug Molecule: Exploration of Scope, Reaction Mechanism and Kinetic Modeling

The kinetics and mechanism of (RuCl3 + OsO4) in combination and, RuCl3 and OsO4 alone catalyzed oxidation of pregabalin (PGB) drug with chloramine-T have been investigated at 313 K in aqueous alkaline medium. The kinetic characteristics were found to be varied for each catalyzed reactions. In all the three catalyzed reactions, the reaction rate shows a first-order dependence of rate on [CAT]0 and a negative-fractional-order on [NaOH]. The order of [PGB]0 is found to be unity incase of [OsO4], but it is fractional in both RuCl3 and [RuCl3 + OsO4] catalyzed reactions. The orders with respect to [RuCl3] and [OsO4] are less than one whereas it is unity in case of [RuCl3 + OsO4]. Activation parameters have been evaluated. 2-isobutylsuccinic acid was identified as the oxidation product of PGB. Under identical set of experimental conditions, the reaction rates revealed that all the three catalyzed reactions are about 25 to 71-fold faster than the uncatalyzed reactions. The catalytic efficiency of these catalysts follows the order (RuCl3 + OsO4) > OsO4 > RuCl3. The observed reactivity sequence may be attributed to the different d-electronic configuration of the catalysts. Most noteworthy is the significant catalytic activity of 71-fold in case of (RuCl3 + OsO4) catalyst. It justifies the synergistic effect of (RuCl3 + OsO4) catalyst on the oxidation of PGB drug. An isokinetic relationship is observed with ß = 366 K, indicating that enthalpy factors are controlling the rate. The reaction mechanisms put forward and rigorous kinetic models deduced, give the best fit to the experimental results for each catalyzed reactions

Mechanistic chemistry of oxidation of balsalazide with acidic chloramine-​T and bromamine-​T: A comparative spectrophotometric kinetic study

Balsalazide (BSZ) belongs to a class of non-​steroidal anti-​inflammatory drugs. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidn. of BSZ with sodium N-​halo-​p-​toluenesulfonamides viz., chloramine-​T (CAT) and bromamine-​T (BAT) in HClO4 medium have been spectrophotometrically investigated (λmax = 357 nm) at 303 K. Under comparable exptl. conditions, reactions with both the oxidants follow a first-​order dependence of rate on [BSZ] and fractional-​order dependence on each [oxidant] and [HClO4]​. Activation parameters and reaction consts. have been computed. 2-​hydroxy-​5-​nitrosobenzoic acid and 3-​(4-​nitroso-​benzoylamino)​propionic acid are identified as the oxidn. products of BSZ with both CAT and BAT. The rate of oxidn. of BSZ is about five-​fold faster with BAT than with CAT. Plausible mechanism and related rate law have been deduced for the obsd. kinetics

Detection of injection attacks on in-vehicle network using data analytics

We investigate the possibility of detection of injection attacks using data analytics techniques in this thesis. The automotive industry is innovating the modern vehicles towards connectivity by interfacing them with various external entities. These entities are exposing the automobile to cyber attacks instead of ensuring its safety. Therefore it is important to consider the security aspect while developing these interfaces. Firstly, we try understand the automobile network architecture and the possible security threats associated with it. Next, we examine the various possible cyber-attacks on automobiles described in the literature. We experiment and analyze the attack scenarios by performing injection attacks on a vehicle. We collect the data during the injection attacks and apply multiple data analysis techniques. These techniques build a model based on data during normal operation. The observations from the data collected during injection attacks is fit into these techniques. The data points that do not fit the model are termed as attack points. Finally we examine and analyze the results and their accuracy in detecting injection attacks

Origin of accessory left hepatic artery from left gastric artery

Liver is supplied by the branches of celiac trunk. Common hepatic artery which is a branch of celiac trunk continues as proper hepatic artery after giving gastroduodenal artery. Proper hepatic artery enters the liver at Porta hepatis after diving into right and left hepatic artery. The knowledge of branching patterns of arteries and their variations is important in various surgical and radiological procedures. During routine dissection conducted in the Department of Anatomy, MMC&RI, Mysore, an accessory left hepatic artery was seen arising from left gastric artery in an elderly male cadaver aged around 60 years. An accessory left hepatic artery was arising from left gastric artery and was entering the left lobe of liver. In less than 1% of cases, the accessory left hepatic artery supplies the part of left lobe of liver or whole liver. Knowledge of anomalous origin of left hepatic artery is important for successful liver transplant surgeries, hepatobiliary operations, gastrectomies, hiatal surgery for gastro esophageal reflex, bariatric surgeries and in selective arterial chemotherapy for liver cancers. Ligation or laceration of this artery during surgeries causes fatal ischemic necrosis of left lobe of liver

Bilateral high division of sciatic nerve

Sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve in the body formed by the sacral plexus from L4 to S3 in the lesser pelvis. It emerges through the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and enter the gluteal region. Then the nerve passes on the back of the thigh and at the level of superior angle of popliteal fossa it terminates by dividing into tibial and common peroneal nerve. The knowledge of anatomical variations in the division of nerve is important for various surgical and anaesthetic procedures. During routine dissection in the department of anatomy, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore, a rare bilateral high division of sciatic nerve was observed in a female cadaver aged about 40 years. In the present case there was bilateral high division of sciatic nerve. The nerve was seen dividing into two branches before it emerges through the greater sciatic foramen. The tibial nerve was entering the gluteal region below the piriformis muscle and common peroneal nerve was entering by piercing the piriformis. The knowledge of this variation is important as the nerve may get compressed with surrounding anatomical structures resulting in non discogenic sciatica. The awareness of variations is important for surgeons during various procedures like fracture, posterior dislocation of hip joint and hip joint replacement. The anatomical variations are important during deep intramuscular injections in gluteal region and also for anaesthetists during sciatic nerve block

Morphometric features of asterion in adult human skulls

Background: Asterion is the meeting point of temporal, occipital and parietal bones on the posterolateral surface of skull and surgically an important point of reference for approaching the posterior cranial fossa structures. However surgeons have been skeptical about its reliability due to population based differences in its morphology, distance with other external landmarks and also to sigmoid and transverse sinuses.Methods: In this study 50 (27 male & 23 female) adult skulls were investigated to determine the type of asterion, its distance from important bony landmarks and also the nearby venous sinuses were measured.Results: Our study revealed that type II (absence of sutural bones) was commoner than type I (presence of sutural bones) asterion. The asterion was 4.82 ± 0.58 cm from tip of the mastoid process on the right side and 4.70 ± 0.70 cm on the left. It was greater in males than in females, p value being statistically significant (P = 0.00 & P = 0.02 for right & left sides respectively). The distance of asterion from supramastoid crest was 4.22 ± 0.73 cm on the right and 4.23+/-0.58 cm on the left. The distance in males was more than in females. The P value 0.00 was statistically significant on the right side. Regarding the position of the asterion in relation to transverse sinus, it was on the transverse sinus in 62% cases, below it in 32% and above in 6%.Conclusions: The data obtained shows that the asterion is located either at the level or below the level of the transverse sinus in majority of the cases. This information is useful to neurosurgeons to reduce the risk during posterior cranial fossa surgeries. This work will also be useful to anthropologists, forensic science experts for determination of sex of the skull along with other parameters.

Situs inversus

Situs inversus is a rare condition with a genetic predisposition, where in organs are transposed from their normal location to the opposite side of the body with an incidence of 1 in 10000 live births. If Situs Inversus is associated with other congenital anomalies the survival rate is low. So prenatal diagnosis is essential to detect any associated anomalies. During routine fetal autopsies conducted in the department of anatomy, Mysore medical college, Mysore, a rare interesting case of still born baby with gestational age of 20 weeks was observed. Autopsy findings of external examination revealed kyphosis in thoracic region. Thoracotomy revealed heart on the right side (dextrocardia). Laparotomy revealed that the left lobe of liver was bigger than the right. The gall bladder was present on the visceral surface of the left lobe of liver, stomach was on right side, duodenum on left side, pancreas and spleen were on the right side. There was agenesis of right kidney, right ureter and both suprarenal glands. All the above findings correlate with the condition situs inversus. Situs inversus is a rare condition with a genetic predisposition, it’s etiology lies in the mutation of chromosome no 12, which is critical for recognition of right sidedness.1,2 Even though there is transposition of organs in situs inversus, the survival rate is good but if situs inversus is associated with other congenital anomalies the survival rate is low. So prenatal diagnosis is essential to detect any associated anomalies to bring down mortality rate

Prevalence of anatomical variations of cystic artery in South Indian cadavers

Background: The knowledge of variations in the origin and course of cystic artery is important for the surgeons as uncontrolled bleeding from the cystic artery and its branches can be fatal during cholecystectomy. Intra operative bleeding can result in an increase in the risk of intra operative injury to vital vascular and biliary structures. Keeping in view the clinical significance and applied importance of the cystic artery anatomy and to add some more knowledge to the existing ones, the present study was undertaken, to know in detail the level of origin, length, and variations in the course and relation of the cystic artery.Methods: The present study was performed on 100 human liver specimens with intact gallbladder and extrahepatic duct system, obtained after dissection from the cadavers in the Department of Anatomy and from post-mortem cases from the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, over a period of 18 months.Results: Most common source of origin of the cystic artery was the right hepatic artery in 92 cases (92%) followed by aberrant right hepatic artery in 4 cases (4%) and the least common sources observed were the left hepatic artery in 1 case (1%) and the gastroduodenal artery in 1 case (1%).Mean length of the cystic artery was 17.6 mm and ranged between 3.7 mm to 42 mm. Out of the 100 dissected specimens, in 65 (65%) the cystic artery was found inside the Calot’s triangle and in 35 (35%) outside the triangle.Conclusion: This study provides details of the normal as well as the variant anatomy of the cystic artery, knowledge of which is very essential for the surgeons to minimize the risk of injury to the blood vessels and the biliary apparatus during cholecystectomy.

Morphological variations of the thyroid gland

Background:The knowledge of various morphological & developmental anomalies of thyroid gland will help the surgeons in better planning of safe & effective surgery. Considering these facts we studied the variations of thyroid gland.Methods:The material for the present study was collected from the department of forensic medicine, MMC & RI, Mysore, which includes 56 male and 33 female adult postmortem cadavers aged between 18 to 80 years. A dissection was carried out to expose thyroid glands & variations were observed in the morphology of thyroid gland.Results: 1) 9% of specimens had agenesis of isthmus. 2) 46% of specimens had pyramidal lobe. 3) 41% of specimens had levator glanduli thyroidae. 4) 2.24 % of specimens had accessory thyroid tissue.Conclusion:This study highlights the various morphological anomalies of the thyroid gland which forms cornerstone to safe & effective surgery

A study of serum electrolytes in severe acute malnourished children with and without complications

Objective: Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are categorized into “complicated and uncomplicated cases” based on clinical criteria alone. Electrolyte imbalance is one of the prognostic factors in severe malnutrition. We aimed to study serum electrolytes in complicated and uncomplicated SAM children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted at the nutritional rehabilitation center of a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical college from May 2016 to April 2017. Children between the ages of 1 month and 5 years who met the World Health Organization criteria for SAM were included in the study. Serum electrolytes were estimated with an automated analyzer by ion selective electrode method. Results: Among 113 SAM children included, 71 had complications and 42 were without complications. The mean value of serum sodium was 134.58±5.45 meq/L, potassium was 4.29±0.75 meq/L, and chloride was 103.31±7.16 meq/L. Hyponatremia was seen in 43.4% and hypokalemia in 7.1% of children. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean values of serum electrolytes and frequency of hyponatremia and hypokalemia between groups. Conclusion: Dyselectrolytemia occurs in SAM children with and without complications. Serum electrolyte levels may need to be measured in all SAM cases to detect asymptomatic hyponatremia and hypokalemia. This will help in triaging those with asymptomatic hyponatremia and hypokalemia to inpatient care