CARACTERIZACIÓN BIOLÓGICA Y SOCIOECONÓMICA DEL HUMEDAL UNIVERSIDAD, MUNICIPIO DE POPAYÁN, COLOMBIA

En el Humedal Universidad, localizado al Nor-Oriente del municipio de Popayán a 2°28'17.3'' Norte y 76°33' 00'' Oeste, se realizó una caracterización biológica y socioeconómica que permitió determinar la línea base del ecosistema para generar lineamientos para el manejo, protección y rehabilitación ecológica. Con relación a la caracterización florística se registraron un total de 410 individuos, distribuidos en 43 familias, 36 géneros y 23 especies; para el estrato bajo las especies más representativas fueron Rubusurticifolius(Rosaceae), Psidiumguineense (Myrtaceae)y Tibouchinaciliaris(Melastomataceae)y para el estrato fustal Myrciapopayanensis (Myrtaceae), Alchornea latifolia (Euphorbiaceae)y Palicoureathyrsiflora (Melastomataceae). En cuanto a laentomofauna terrestre y aérea, se registraron 4180 individuos distribuidos en 8 órdenes y 44 familias. Las familias más abundantes fueronHymenoptera: Formicidae, Heteroptera: Cicadellidae, Diptera: Calliphoridae y Dolichopodidae y Coleoptera: Curculionidae. La caracterización socioeconómica realizada con informantes clave de la comunidad, demostróun elevado crecimiento demográfico, inestabilidad económica e inadecuadas condiciones de vida y junto con la comunidad y organizaciones que intervienen en el proceso de recuperación del humedal,se generaron lineamientos para el manejocentrados en tres niveles: participación comunitaria e institucional, regulación hídrica y revegetalizació

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field