Labeling of the Recombinant Streptokinase Using Iodine-131 as a New Thrombolytic Agent

Stroke and acute myocardial infarction is a disease with the highest mortality in the world. WHO has estimated in 2008, 30% of deaths from heart disease and more than 80% of this cases have been occurred in developing countries. Streptokinase (SK) as an effective thrombolytic agent has been used as a drug of choice for about forty years ago. SK is plasminogen (PG) activator that converts plasminogen to active protease, called plasmin (PN) which degrades fibrin to soluble products. Recombinant streptokinase (SKA) from genetic engineering has been developed at School of Pharmacy ITB to reduce or eliminate immunogenicity of SK. However, scientific disclosures relating to dynamic and its kinetic studies in the body have still to be proven. One method that can explain this phenomenon is the pharmacological studies using radionuclide labeled compounds. Radioiodine labeled compound is used extensively and most suitable for biological studies. This paper describes the preparation of 131I-SKA and its characterization. The labeling conditions of SKA, such as chloramine-T as an oxidizing agent, amount of SKA, incubation time, and size of resin to purify the labeling yield have been observed. The result showed that the optimum condition of labeling (35.11%) was obtained using 10 µg of chloramine-T and 60 seconds of incubation time. The highest radiochemical purity (97.46 ± 1.14%) has also been obtained by passing through the resin chromatography column using 100 mg Dowex 1x8, size 50-100 mesh. The characterization of 131I-SKA with SDS PAGE method and autoradiography showed the similar performance with unlabeled-SKA.Received: 04 December 2012; Revised: 20 December 2012; Accepted: 21 December 201

Study of response of Swiss Webster mice to light subunit of mushroom tyrosinase

The light subunit of mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, tyrosinase (LSMT), has been identified as an extrinsic component of the enzyme. Its function is unknown, but it can cross an epithelial cell layer, which suggests that it can be absorbed by the intestine. A similar capability has been demonstrated for the HA-33 component of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum, which is the closest structural homolog of LSMT. Unlike HA-33, LSMT appears to be non-immunogenic as shown by preliminary tests in Swiss Webster mice. We investigated the immunogenicity and histopathology of LSMT in mice to determine its safety in vivo. LSMT did not evoke generation of antibodies after prolonged periods of intraperitoneal administration. Histopathological observations confirmed the absence of responses in organs after twelve weekly administrations of LSMT. We found that LSMT is not toxic and is less immunogenic than the C. botulinum HA-33 protein, which supports further research and development for pharmaceutical application

The Staphylococcus aureus Protein Sbi Acts as a Complement Inhibitor and Forms a Tripartite Complex with Host Complement Factor H and C3b

The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, similar to other pathogens, binds human complement regulators Factor H and Factor H related protein 1 (FHR-1) from human serum. Here we identify the secreted protein Sbi (Staphylococcus aureus binder of IgG) as a ligand that interacts with Factor H by a—to our knowledge—new type of interaction. Factor H binds to Sbi in combination with C3b or C3d, and forms tripartite Sbi∶C3∶Factor H complexes. Apparently, the type of C3 influences the stability of the complex; surface plasmon resonance studies revealed a higher stability of C3d complexed to Sbi, as compared to C3b or C3. As part of this tripartite complex, Factor H is functionally active and displays complement regulatory activity. Sbi, by recruiting Factor H and C3b, acts as a potent complement inhibitor, and inhibits alternative pathway-mediated lyses of rabbit erythrocytes by human serum and sera of other species. Thus, Sbi is a multifunctional bacterial protein, which binds host complement components Factor H and C3 as well as IgG and β2-glycoprotein I and interferes with innate immune recognition

Evaluation of Adverse Effects of Mutein Forms of Recombinant Human Interferon Alpha-2b in Female Swiss Webster Mice

Purpose. We successfully developed recombinant human interferon alpha-2b (rhIFN-α2b) and mutein forms through the site-directed mutagenesis technique. The mutein forms were developed by substituting cysteins at positions 2 and 99 with aspartic acids. The potential adverse effects of these rhIFN-α2bs were assessed by acute and subchronic studies. Methods. In the acute study, rhIFN-α2bs were subcutaneously administered to mice at a single dose of 97.5 μg/kg, 975 μg/kg, and 9.75 mg/kg BW and were observed for 14 days. In the subchronic study, single dose of 1.95 μg/kg and 19.5 μg/kg, respectively, was given subcutaneously every 3 days for 45 days. Results. No death as well as abnormality in body weight, behavior, presentation of main organs, and value of plasma SGPT and SGOT was observed. Wild type and mutein rhIFN-α2bs did not show significant adverse effects at dose up to 9.75 mg/kg BW. Administration of these rhIFN-α2bs given repeatedly did not induce any adverse effect. Conclusion. These results suggest that our rhIFN-α2bs are safe. However, further study is still needed to clarify the safety issue before use in clinical trial

Peran Auditor Internal dalam Implementasi Manajemen Risiko pada Perguruan Tinggi

Implementation of risk management applies not only to companies but also to universities. However, the implementation of risk management to universities is still limited and still needs improvement. This limitation is due to the absence of special units in universities dealing with risk management issues. This article focuses on the implementation of risk management at Universitas Negeri Semarang by using descriptive analysis. The results show that Internal Control Unit on Unnes has run the IIA (2009) mandate related to its participation in the implementation of risk management system by sticking to independence and objectivity. Furthermore, the implementation of three line of defenses on Universitas Negeri Semarang has not been able to be implemented. This is due to the lack of resources in the field of risk management, as well as limited scope. Therefore, it is expected that the internal control unit able to always increase their role in developing, implementing and evaluating risk management system in universities