Comparing National Patterns of Medical Specialization: A Contribution to the Theory of Professions

"Im Mittelpunkt dieses Papiers steht die Frage nach den Ursachen für die zunehmende Spezialisierung der medizinischen Profession in Großbritannien, Deutschland und den USA. In der Professionsforschung wird das Phänomen der wachsenden ärztlichen Spezialisierung vor allem mit dem medizinisch-technischen Fortschritt, dem Konkurrenzdruck innerhalb der Ärzteschaft, der Ausdifferenzierung medizinischer Forschungs- und Ausbildungseinrichtungen, direkten staatlichen Eingriffen sowie organisatorischen Veränderungen im Medizinbetrieb erklärt, ohne jedoch den Einfluß von institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen auf die kausale Relevanz dieser unabhängigen Variablen hinreichend zu berücksichtigen. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung wird zunächst gezeigt, daß die Bedeutung der unabhängigen Variablen je nach Land variiert, um anschließend den Einfluß des institutionellen Kontextes als intervenierender Variable herauszuarbeiten. Besonders hervorgehoben werden dabei jene Mechanismen, die die Zunahme der medizinischen Spezialisierung regulieren.

Combining spin-out and spin-in activities – the spin-along approach

After a long period of restructuring and outsourcing, companies are increasingly looking for new growth opportunities. Growth with existing prod-ucts or by expansion in new markets is limited. Therefore, companies are searching for ways to expand their activities in new businesses. A frequently used tool of multinational enterprises is corporate venturing. Within cor-porate venturing a further differentiation can be made in internal venturing and external venturing. Internal venturing promotes business ideas generated within the organization whereas external venturing promotes business ideas developed outside the company. Research has been able to show that venturing activi-ties both internal and external can create value. In this paper we explore a special case of venturing which we call the ‘spin-along approach’. It can be seen as a combination of internal and external ven-turing. In the spin-along approach, a company encourages its employees to take their business idea external and to found a company. Successful companies might later be bought back and integrated into the parent company or the paren-tal will exit the company by selling its equity share. Through literature re-view we have identified different motivations, best practices, and barriers to the successful implementation of a spin-along approach. Furthermore, two case studies will be discussed and compared. We conclude that the approach can successfully complement internal innovation management.Corporate venturing; spin-along; venture leader; spin-out; spin-in; Deutsche Telekom Laboratories; Cisco Systems

Spin lifetimes and strain-controlled spin precession of drifting electrons in zinc blende type semiconductors

We study the transport of spin polarized electrons in n-GaAs using spatially resolved continuous wave Faraday rotation. From the measured steady state distribution, we determine spin relaxation times under drift conditions and, in the presence of strain, the induced spin splitting from the observed spin precession. Controlled variation of strain along [110] allows us to deduce the deformation potential causing this effect, while strain along [100] has no effect. The electric field dependence of the spin lifetime is explained quantitatively in terms of an increase of the electron temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Die Regulierung von Professionsgrenzen: Struktur und Entwicklungsdynamik von Gesundheitsberufen im internationalen Vergleich

Der deutsche Gesundheitssektor sticht international durch seinen hohen Ärzteanteil hervor. In Großbritannien und den USA dagegen sind die nichtärztlichen Gesundheitsberufe vergleichsweise stärker besetzt. Während die Professionsforschung meist von der universellen »Dominanz« der ärztlichen Profession ausgeht, zeigt der Autor, daß die Expansionschancen der nichtärztlichen Gesundheitsberufe von länderspezifisch variierenden Beziehungen zur Ärzteschaft und sich unterscheidenden Strukturen des Marktzutritts herrühren.Abbildungen, Tabellen und Übersichten Abkürzungen Kapitel 1 Einleitung Kapitel 2 Empirische Analyse der Personalstruktur im Gesundheitswesen 2.1 Abgrenzung des Untersuchungsgegenstandes 2.2 Probleme der Datenerfassung und -analyse 2.2.1 Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2.2.2 Großbritannien 2.2.3 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika 2.3 Nationale Beschäftigungsstrukturen im Vergleich Kapitel 3 Forschungsstand und Perspektiven 3.1 Arbeitsmarkt, Technikentwicklung und Organisation des Gesundheitswesens 3.2 Professionsforschung 3.3 Folgerungen für die weitere Vorgehensweise Kapitel 4 Die Entwicklung der Marktregulierung im historischen Längsschnitt 4.1 Die historische Entwicklung in Deutschland 4.1.1 Von der Gewerbeordnung zur Reichsversicherungsordnung 4.1.2 Das Dritte Reich 4.1.3 Emanzipationsbestrebungen in der sozialliberalen Ära 4.1.4 Stabilisierung der interprofessionellen Beziehungen 4.2 Die historische Entwicklung in Großbritannien 4.2.1 Anfänge der Marktregulierung 4.2.2 Der Einfluß des National Health Service 4.2.3 Folgen der Reorganisation des National Health Service 4.2.4 Der National Health Service unter Kostendruck 4.3 Die historische Entwicklung in den USA 4.3.1 Grundelemente der Marktregulierung 4.3.2 Die finanzielle Expansionsphase während der sechziger Jahre 4.3.3 Umbrüche auf der horizontalen Differenzierungsebene 4.3.4 Marktregulierung in der Ära der Deregulierung Kapitel 5 Die Ebenen der Martkregulierung im vergleichenden Querschnitt 5.1 Aus- und Weiterbildung 5.2 Berufszulassung und Marktzutritt 5.3 Regelungen von Tätigkeitsinhalten am Arbeitsplatz 5.4 Zwischenbilanz Kapitel 6 Die Bedeutung organisatorischer und finanzieller Faktoren 6.1 Der Bereich der ambulanten Versorgung 6.1.1 Der Einfluß verschiedener Organisationsmodelle 6.1.2 Der Einfluß verschiedener Zielorientierungen 6.1.3 Der Einfluß finanzieller Reize 6.2 Der Bereich der stationären Versorgung Kapitel 7 Professionsstatus und horizontale Differenzierung 7.1 Die Rolle nationaler Professionskonzepte 7.2 Die horizontale Differenzierungsebene als Expansionsfaktor 7.3 Muster interprofessioneller Beziehungen Kapitel 8 Zusammenfassende Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Statistische Quelle

On the Connection of Anisotropic Conductivity to Tip Induced Space Charge Layers in Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of p-doped GaAs

The electronic properties of shallow acceptors in p-doped GaAs{110} are investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy at low temperature. Shallow acceptors are known to exhibit distinct triangular contrasts in STM images for certain bias voltages. Spatially resolved I(V)-spectroscopy is performed to identify their energetic origin and behavior. A crucial parameter - the STM tip's work function - is determined experimentally. The voltage dependent potential configuration and band bending situation is derived. Ways to validate the calculations with the experiment are discussed. Differential conductivity maps reveal that the triangular contrasts are only observed with a depletion layer present under the STM tip. The tunnel process leading to the anisotropic contrasts calls for electrons to tunnel through vacuum gap and a finite region in the semiconductor.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Excitonic photoluminescence in symmetric coupled double quantum wells subject to an external electric field

The effect of an external electric field F on the excitonic photoluminescence (PL) spectra of a symmetric coupled double quantum well (DQW) is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. We show that the variational method in a two-particle electron-hole wave function approximation gives a good agreement with measurements of PL on a narrow DQW in a wide interval of F including flat-band regime. The experimental data are presented for an MBE-grown DQW consisting of two 5 nm wide GaAs wells, separated by a 4 monolayers (MLs) wide pure AlAs central barrier, and sandwiched between Ga_{0.7}Al_{0.3}As layers. The bias voltage is applied along the growth direction. Spatially direct and indirect excitonic transitions are identified, and the radius of the exciton and squeezing of the exciton in the growth direction are evaluated variationally. The excitonic binding energies, recombination energies, oscillator strengths, and relative intensities of the transitions as functions of the applied field are calculated. Our analysis demonstrates that this simple model is applicable in case of narrow DQWs not just for a qualitative description of the PL peak positions but also for the estimation of their individual shapes and intensities.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures (accepted in Phys. Rev. B

Subspace-based damage detection on steel frame structure under changing excitation

International audienceDamage detection can be performed by detecting changes in the modal parameters between a reference state and the current (possibly damaged) state of a structure from measured output-only vibration data. Alternatively, a subspace-based damage detection test has been proposed and applied successfully, where changes in the modal parameters are detected, but the estimation of the modal parameters themselves is avoided. Like this, the test can run in an automated way directly on the vibration measurements. However, it was assumed that the unmeasured ambient excitation properties during measurements of the structure in the reference and possibly damaged condition stay constant, which is hardly satisfied by any application. A new version of the test has been derived recently that is robust to such changes in the ambient excitation. In this paper, the robust test is recalled and its performance is evaluated both on numerical simulations and a real application, where a steel frame structure is artificially damaged in the lab

Combining spin-out and spin-in activities – the spin-along approach

After a long period of restructuring and outsourcing, companies are increasingly looking for new growth opportunities. Growth with existing prod-ucts or by expansion in new markets is limited. Therefore, companies are searching for ways to expand their activities in new businesses. A frequently used tool of multinational enterprises is corporate venturing. Within cor-porate venturing a further differentiation can be made in internal venturing and external venturing. Internal venturing promotes business ideas generated within the organization whereas external venturing promotes business ideas developed outside the company. Research has been able to show that venturing activi-ties both internal and external can create value. In this paper we explore a special case of venturing which we call the ‘spin-along approach’. It can be seen as a combination of internal and external ven-turing. In the spin-along approach, a company encourages its employees to take their business idea external and to found a company. Successful companies might later be bought back and integrated into the parent company or the paren-tal will exit the company by selling its equity share. Through literature re-view we have identified different motivations, best practices, and barriers to the successful implementation of a spin-along approach. Furthermore, two case studies will be discussed and compared. We conclude that the approach can successfully complement internal innovation management