Anticipated barriers and enablers to signing up for a weight management program after receiving an opportunistic referral from a General Practitioner

Introduction: General Practitioners (GP) are advised to opportunistically refer patients with overweight or obesity to a tier 2 weight management program, but few patients sign up after receiving the referral. Signing up to a weight management program is a behaviour, as such, behaviour change interventions are needed to increase sign ups. However, no research has explored the influences on signing up after an opportunistic referral specifically. Aim: To investigate the influences (i.e., barriers and enablers) on signing up to a tier 2 weight management service after receiving an opportunistic referral from a GP, using a theoretical framework to inform intervention development. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 residents from the London borough of Hounslow who were eligible for the service. Interview guides were informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Data were analyzed inductively using Reflexive Thematic Analysis and Coding Reliability to identify influences on signing up, before being deductively coded to the TDF and grouped into themes. Results: Eight theoretical domains were identified as influences on signing up. Fifteen sub-themes were developed and categorized as either a barrier (5), enabler (3), or mixed (7) influence. Beliefs about Consequences was the most frequently reported influence on signing up. Beliefs that were expressed the most often include how effective the program would be, whether the program is needed to lose weight and whether the program would be compatible with their lifestyle. Leveraging Social Influences and changing patient’s Knowledge could address these beliefs and provide a potential route for Behaviour change. Discussion: The present study provides the first insight into behavioural influences on signing up for a weight management service opportunistically using a validated theoretical framework. This study has implications for intervention development in that public health researchers can identify intervention, content and implementation options based on the findings. Interventions targeting the key domains of Knowledge, Social influences and Beliefs about consequences would likely be the most effective because of their prominence and influence on other domains

Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Patients in inpatient mental health settings face similar risks (eg, medication errors) to those in other areas of healthcare. In addition, some unsafe behaviours associated with serious mental health problems (eg, self-harm), and the measures taken to address these (eg, restraint), may result in further risks to patient safety. The objective of this review is to identify and synthesise the literature on patient safety within inpatient mental health settings using robust systematic methodology. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-synthesis. Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1999 to 2019. Search terms were related to 'mental health', 'patient safety', 'inpatient setting' and 'research'. Study quality was assessed using the Hawker checklist. Data were extracted and grouped based on study focus and outcome. Safety incidents were meta-analysed where possible using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Of the 57 637 article titles and abstracts, 364 met inclusion criteria. Included publications came from 31 countries and included data from over 150 000 participants. Study quality varied and statistical heterogeneity was high. Ten research categories were identified: interpersonal violence, coercive interventions, safety culture, harm to self, safety of the physical environment, medication safety, unauthorised leave, clinical decision making, falls and infection prevention and control. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings is under-researched in comparison to other non-mental health inpatient settings. Findings demonstrate that inpatient mental health settings pose unique challenges for patient safety, which require investment in research, policy development, and translation into clinical practice. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016034057

How does feedback influence professional behaviour in healthcare? A mixed methods investigation using case studies

Health systems internationally are attempting to address the issue of how to monitor and regulate quality of care in order to maintain and drive up standards. In the UK, policy initiatives focused upon revalidation for clinicians and incident reporting raise questions around how best to feedback and use data to support improvement at professional level. Considerable research has been undertaken to outline the processes by which valid, reliable and useful quality indicators can be defined. The evidence base for how to maximise the influence of feedback on professional behaviour, however, remains heterogeneous. Greater research effort needs to be devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms through which feedback achieves its goals. This PhD therefore aims to describe and investigate the characteristics and mechanisms by which feedback influences professional behaviour in healthcare. Two perspectives are selected to provide alternative viewpoints. The first is focussed upon personalised feedback interventions in anaesthesia and the second centres around organisational level feedback from incident reporting systems. Within the thesis case study feedback interventions from each of the two perspectives are investigated and evaluated using a mixed methods approach. Qualitative analysis draws upon inductive and theoretically informed deductive reasoning whilst both descriptive and inferential statistics are employed to explore survey data. Participants include consultant anaesthetists, safety science experts and risk managers, among others. Synthesis of results demonstrates that providing feedback is a complex, social, quality improvement intervention. Its influence on professional behaviour is a multifaceted interaction between design characteristics/pre-conditions, psychological processes and intermediary outputs. These mechanisms can be better understood from a sociotechnical perspective drawing upon the fields of psychology, human factors, organisational studies and health services research. This thesis presents an integrative model for understanding the mechanisms through which feedback influences professional behaviour in healthcare.Open Acces

Evaluating the Application of the RE-AIM Planning and Evaluation Framework:An Updated Systematic Review and Exploration of Pragmatic Application

BACKGROUND: RE-AIM is one of the most widely applied frameworks to plan and evaluate the implementation of public health and health behavior change interventions. The objective of this review is to provide an updated synthesis of use of the RE-AIM (Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation and Maintenance) planning and evaluation framework and explore pragmatic use (i.e., partial application of the framework) and how this is reported. METHODS: Systematic review. MEDLINE (R) and PsycINFO were searched, via the Ovid interface, between January 2011 and December 2017. Studies that applied RE-AIM as a planning and/or evaluation framework were included. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven articles met inclusion criteria. One hundred forty-nine reported using RE-AIM for evaluation, three for planning and five for planning and evaluation. Reach was the most frequently reported dimension (92.9%), followed by implementation (90.3%), adoption (89.7%), effectiveness (84.5%), and maintenance (77.4%). One hundred forty-seven/one hundred fifty-seven articles originated from high-income economy countries. Within a sub-set analysis (10% of included articles), 9/15 articles evaluated all dimensions. Of the 6/15 articles that did not evaluate all dimensions, five provided no justification for pragmatic application. CONCLUSIONS: RE-AIM has gained increased use in recent years and there is evidence that it is being applied pragmatically. However, the rationale for pragmatic use is often not reported. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42017054616)

Barriers and enablers to signing up for a weight management program after receiving an opportunistic referral from a General Practitioner

Introduction General Practitioners are advised to opportunistically refer patients with overweight or obesity to a tier 2 weight management program, but few patients sign up after receiving the referral. Signing up to a weight management program is a behaviour, as such, behaviour change interventions are needed to increase sign ups. However, no research has explored the influences on signing up after an opportunistic referral specifically and there is a lack of literature studying program uptake using theory-based behavioural science frameworks. Aim To investigate the influences (i.e., barriers and enablers) on signing up to a tier 2 weight management service after receiving an opportunistic referral from a GP, using a theoretical framework to inform intervention development. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eighteen residents from the London borough of Hounslow who were eligible for the service. Interview guides were informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Data were analysed inductively using Reflexive Thematic Analysis and Coding Reliability to identify influences on signing up, before being deductively coded to the TDF and grouped into themes. Results Eight theoretical domains were identified as influences on signing up. Fifteen sub-themes were developed and categorised as either a barrier (5), enabler (3) or mixed (7) influence. Beliefs about Consequences was the most frequently reported influence on signing up. Beliefs that were expressed the most often include how effective the program would be, whether the program is needed to lose weight and whether the program would be compatible with their lifestyle. Leveraging Social Influences and changing patient’s Knowledge could address these beliefs and provide a potential route for behaviour change. Discussion The present study provides the first insight into behavioural influences on signing up for a weight management service opportunistically using a validated theoretical framework. This study has implications for intervention development in that public health researchers can identify intervention, content and implementation options based on the findings. Interventions targeting the key domains of Knowledge, Social influences and Beliefs about consequences would likely be the most effective because of their prominence and influence on other domains

Barriers and enablers to signing up for a weight management program after receiving an opportunistic referral from a General Practitioner

The aim of this research was to investigate the influences (i.e., barriers and enablers) on signing up to a tier 2 weight management service after receiving an opportunistic referral from a GP, using a theoretical framework to inform intervention development

Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Patients in inpatient mental health settings face similar risks (eg, medication errors) to those in other areas of healthcare. In addition, some unsafe behaviours associated with serious mental health problems (eg, self-harm), and the measures taken to address these (eg, restraint), may result in further risks to patient safety. The objective of this review is to identify and synthesise the literature on patient safety within inpatient mental health settings using robust systematic methodology. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-synthesis. Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Health Management Information Consortium, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science were systematically searched from 1999 to 2019. Search terms were related to 'mental health', 'patient safety', 'inpatient setting' and 'research'. Study quality was assessed using the Hawker checklist. Data were extracted and grouped based on study focus and outcome. Safety incidents were meta-analysed where possible using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Of the 57 637 article titles and abstracts, 364 met inclusion criteria. Included publications came from 31 countries and included data from over 150 000 participants. Study quality varied and statistical heterogeneity was high. Ten research categories were identified: interpersonal violence, coercive interventions, safety culture, harm to self, safety of the physical environment, medication safety, unauthorised leave, clinical decision making, falls and infection prevention and control. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety in inpatient mental health settings is under-researched in comparison to other non-mental health inpatient settings. Findings demonstrate that inpatient mental health settings pose unique challenges for patient safety, which require investment in research, policy development, and translation into clinical practice. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016034057