Asthma Randomized Trial of Indoor Wood Smoke (ARTIS): Rationale and Methods

Background—Particulate matter (PM) exposures have been linked with poor respiratory health outcomes, especially among susceptible populations such as asthmatic children. Smoke from biomass combustion for residential home heating is an important source of PM in many rural or peri-urban areas in the United States. Aim—To assess the efficacy of residential interventions that reduce indoor PM exposure from wood stoves and to quantify the corresponding improvements in quality of life and health outcomes for asthmatic children. Design—The Asthma Randomized Trial of Indoor wood Smoke (ARTIS) study is an in-home intervention study of susceptible children exposed to biomass combustion smoke. Children, ages 7 to 17, with persistent asthma and living in homes that heat with wood stoves were recruited for this three arm randomized placebo-controlled trial. Two household-level intervention strategies, wood stove replacement and air filters, were compared to a sham air filter placebo. Improvement in quality of life of asthmatic children was the primary outcomes. Secondary asthma-related health outcomes included peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate, and frequency of asthma symptoms, medication usage, and healthcare utilization. Exposure outcomes included indoor and outdoor PM2.5 mass, particle counts of several size fractions, and carbon monoxide. Discussion—To our knowledge, this was the first randomized trial in the US to utilize interventions targeting residential wood stoves to assess the impact on indoor PM and health outcomes in a susceptible population. Trial registration—ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00807183

Enhancement of the Cytotoxic Effect of Anticancer Agent by Cytochrome c Functionalised Hybrid Nanoparticles in Hepatocellular Cancer Cells

Treatment of hepatocellular cancer with chemotherapeutic agents has limited success in clinical practice and their efficient IC50 concentration would require extremely high doses of drug administration which could not be tolerated due to systemic side effects. In order to potentiate the efficacy of anticancer agents we explored the potential of co-treatment with pro-apoptotic Cytochrome c which activates the apoptotic pathway downstream of p53 that is frequently mutated in cancer. To this end we used hybrid iron oxide-gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system to facilitate the internalisation of Cytochrome c into cultured HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Our results showed that Cytochrome c can be easily conjugated to the gold shell of the nanoparticles which are readily taken up by the cells. We used Cytochrome c in concentration (0.2µgmL-1) below the threshold required to induce apoptosis on its own. When the conjugate was administered to cells treated by doxorubicin, it significantly reduced its IC50 concentration from 9µgmL-1 to 3.5µgmL-1 as detected by cell viability assay, and the efficiency of doxorubicin on decreasing viability of HepG2 cells was significantly enhanced in the lower concentration range between 0.01µgmL-1 to 5µgmL-1. The results demonstrate the potential of the application of therapeutic proteins in activating the apoptotic pathway to complement conventional chemotherapy to increase its efficacy. The application of hybrid iron oxide-gold nanoparticles can also augment the specificity of drug targeting and could serve as a model drug delivery system for pro-apoptotic protein targeting and delivery

Methods for the calculation of critical loads and their exceedances in the UK

Report to Defra, prepared under Contract AQ0826. This report describes the calculation and mapping of critical loads and their exceedances in the UK. It consolidates information from earlier “UK Status Reports” into a single report. Part I describes the methods and data used to (a) map the distribution of 14 UK habitats sensitive to acidification and/or eutrophication; (b) calculate critical loads of acidity and of nutrient nitrogen. Part II describes the calculation of critical load exceedances (ie, the amount of excess deposition above the critical load) and presents results and maps based on UK deposition data for 2009-2011. Part III describes the application of site-relevant critical loads to UK SACs, SPAs, SSSIs

Georgia Southern’s Checkout Equipment: laptops, cameras, boardgames, and more. How we manage the checkout equipment program

Presentation given at the Georgia Libraries Conference, Macon, GA. Georgia Southern makes available a variety of equipment for student check out including a fleet of approximately 200 laptops, high-end digital cameras, tripods and lighting kits, video recording equipment, high-end microphones, and more. Equipment checkout is popular with students with equipment cycling in and out. Equipment also presents unique cataloging challenges. MARC was designed for books, and providing a good search for pulling statistics for non-traditional items can be a challenge. Items also may be returned needing repairs and Georgia Southern performs in-house repairs on laptops and other electronics. Participants will learn about ways to manage multipart checkout items, such as camera and laptops, a board game with many pieces, or a DSLR camera with lens and an SD card. Participants will learn about ways to better use the ILS, a system designed for books but allowing seamless checkout to students, to manage equipment. Participants will learn about ways Georgia Southern collects statistics on how materials are used and workflows and processes that allow for better statistics. Participants will learn about total costs of operating an equipment program, including commons repairs, average costs of parts to sustain each type of equipment, and employee time needed to perform in-house repairs

Private education and disadvantage: the experiences of assisted place holders

It is now nearly thirty years since Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative administration introduced the Assisted Places Scheme (their first education policy) and over ten years since New Labour abolished it. The Scheme, which was designed to provide a ladder of opportunity for academically able students from poor backgrounds to attend private schools, is of more than historical interest. It can be used to illuminate enduring sociological concerns about the relationship between home and school. This paper draws on retrospective interview data to reveal how the Scheme was experienced by its more disadvantaged beneficiaries. Revisiting classic sociological analyses from the 1960s and 1970s, it unravels the complex interactions between home background, friendship networks and school cultures and shows how these contributed to contrasting experiences of commitment, detachment, estrangement and alienation. These differing modes of engagement with schooling appear to have had lasting effects on our respondents and influenced their subsequent careers and orientations

Greening British Businesses: Small to Medium-sized Enterprises and the New Wave of the Environmental Social Movement

This research examines relationships between a new wave of radical green activism and increasing numbers of greening businesses in Britain. We examine the spread of the movement, through evidence on the formation of businesses that are implementing more environmentally sustainable practices. Our empirical data is drawn from both the supply side of the economy and the consumption sphere demand side. This is combined with UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) data, at the local authority level. Our analysis tests key individual level determinants (i.e. education, energy conscientiousness, localism) and area level determinants (such as party politics and population density). Our findings indicate the factors most important in determining the growth of the ethical marketplace. Additionally, we draw conclusions about relationships between environmental social movements and SME business sectors. Our results have implications for research on ethical business development and consumerism, as well as literature on social movements and political geography

An Epigenetic Pilot Study Investigating Biomarkers in Maternal-Infant Pairs

Rationale: Particulate matter (PM) is a measurable component of air pollution that has been associated with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes. Research indicates environmental factors such as air pollution are involved in changes through epigenetic mechanisms during development that may persist into adulthood and even span multiple generations of inheritance. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes of gene expression that do not alter the actual DNA sequence. One epigenetic mechanism is DNA methylation. Long Interspersed Nuclear Element (LINE-1) is a DNA repetitive element that can be used as a proxy measurement of DNA global methylation. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare epigenetic biomarkers across different sample matrices (i.e. blood and buccal) and across related subjects (i.e. maternal and infant). Methods: Informed consent was provided by pregnant women (n=23) who were recruited through Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), hospital birthing classes, or flyers in obstetrician’s offices. Demographic and medical data was collected from hospital records for both mothers and newborns after birth. Follow-up health surveys were administered by telephone that were designed to collect indicators of pre-asthmatic respiratory symptoms or conditions. Biological samples were collected before or shortly after time of birth at Community Medical Center of Missoula, MT. The samples collected were maternal blood (n=15), umbilical cord blood (n=15), and maternal (n=23) and newborn (n=23) buccal (cheek) cells. Buccal cells were collected and processed according to the Gentra Puregene Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD). These biologically accessible tissues serve as surrogates to study gene methylation associated with respiratory health. Samples were stored at -80°C until DNA extraction and subsequent bisulfite treatment. The samples were amplified in duplicates with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). LINE-1 methylation was analyzed with pyrosequencing on a Pyromark Q96 MD (Qiagen, Germantown, MD). All statistical analysis was performed in Statistical Analysis Software (SAS, version 9.3). Results: The mean (standard deviation (sd)) of LINE-1 methylation percentage for mother and infant buccal cell derived DNA were 58.75 (3.89) and 57.16 (2.54), respectively. Percent methylation maximum for mother and infant buccal samples were 70.22 and 64.25, respectively, and minimum were 54.86 and 52.94, respectively. Paired t-test indicated that LINE-1 methylation percentages in maternal buccal samples were higher than methylation percentages in the paired infant samples (mean difference (95%CL) = 4.4 (2.3, 6.6)). The mean (sd) of LINE-1 methylation percentage for mother and infant/cord blood derived DNA were 75.19 (3.17) and 75.86 (3.05), respectively. Percent methylation maximum for mother and infant blood samples were 79.42 and 79.50, respectively, and minimum were 70.39 and 69.31, respectively. Paired t-test indicated that LINE-1 methylation percentages in maternal blood samples were similar to methylation percentages in infant blood samples (mean difference (95% CL) = 0.66 (-2.0,3.3)). Conclusions: LINE-1 methylation percentages between sample matrices (i.e. blood and buccal) and subjects (i.e. maternal and infant) were not correlated. The percent methylation of LINE-1 in DNA from blood was consistently greater than for DNA from buccal tissue for both mother and newborn samples. It was expected that LINE-1 measurements for blood DNA would differ from buccal DNA because circulating blood represents a more diverse cell population. Gene-specific methylation of the promoter region for interferon-γ, a cytokine associated with asthma, will be studied with the remaining samples of bisulfite-treated DNA from this study. Epigenetic changes may serve as useful biomarkers for predicting asthma risk in children exposed to biomass smoke. These methods can be applied to future studies to investigate the epigenetic relationship of prenatal asthma risk and PM wood smoke exposure