Temperature-Dependent Crystal Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Reassembly Among Three Cadmium(II) Carboxylate-Phosphinates

A metastable three-dimensional cadmium­(II) coordination polymer with (2-carboxyethyl)­(phenyl)­phosphinate (L^2–) and 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy) as ligands, namely, [Cd­(L)­(bipy)­(H₂O)₂] (<b>1</b>), can be converted to two new two-dimensional/three-dimensional varieties under hydrothermal treatments at different temperatures, that is, [Cd­(L)­(bipy)] (<b>2</b>) and [Cd­(L)­(bipy)_0.5]·0.5H₂O (<b>3</b>). Their syntheses, crystal structures, structural transformations, and luminescent properties are presented. In addition, <b>1</b> shows a second harmonic generation response that is ∼0.3 times that of KDP (KH₂PO₄)

Temperature-Dependent Crystal Self-Assembly, Disassembly, and Reassembly Among Three Cadmium(II) Carboxylate-Phosphinates

A metastable three-dimensional cadmium­(II) coordination polymer with (2-carboxyethyl)­(phenyl)­phosphinate (L^2–) and 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy) as ligands, namely, [Cd­(L)­(bipy)­(H₂O)₂] (<b>1</b>), can be converted to two new two-dimensional/three-dimensional varieties under hydrothermal treatments at different temperatures, that is, [Cd­(L)­(bipy)] (<b>2</b>) and [Cd­(L)­(bipy)_0.5]·0.5H₂O (<b>3</b>). Their syntheses, crystal structures, structural transformations, and luminescent properties are presented. In addition, <b>1</b> shows a second harmonic generation response that is ∼0.3 times that of KDP (KH₂PO₄)

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced reduction of PGC-1α and p-Akt protein.

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats at 2 weeks (A) and 4 weeks (B). Analyses of the expression of PGC-1α and p-Akt proteins were performed by Western blotting. Tubulin and GAPDH were used as loading controls. The optical density values were normalized to their respective Tubulin and GAPDH loading controls, and the means±SEMs were graphed (relative expression) to semi-quantitatively compare the protein levels. *p<0.05 (at least) vs. NC group; #p<0.05 (at least) vs. HH group. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced expression of the relative myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein content expression.

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats at 2 weeks (A) and 4 weeks (B). Analyses of the expression of MHCⅡa and MHCⅡb were performed by Western blotting. Tubulin was used as a loading control. The optical density values were normalized to their respective Tubulin loading control, and the means±SEMs were graphed (relative expression) to semi-quantitatively compare the protein levels. *p<0.05 (at least) vs. NC group; #p<0.05 (at least) vs. HH group. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced reduction of protein expression of SRF.

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats. Analyses of the SRF protein expression were performed via Western blotting at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and GAPDH was used as a loading control. The optical density values were normalized to their respective Tubulin and GAPDH loading controls, and the means±SEMs were graphed (relative expression) to semi-quantitatively compare the protein levels. *p<0.05 (at least) vs. NC group; #p<0.05 (at least) vs. HH group. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced expression of miR-1, miR-133a and miR-133b.

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats at 2 weeks (A) and 4 weeks (B). Analyses of the expression of miR-1, miR-133a and miR-133b were performed by qRT-PCR and normalized to the expression of 5S RNA in the same sample, as described in the Methods section. *p<0.05 (at least) vs. NC group; #p<0.05 (at least) vs. HH group. Data are expressed as the means ±SEMs. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced reduction of HDAC4 and nuclear HDAC4 protein.

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats at 2 weeks (A) and 4 weeks (B). Analyses of the expression of HDAC4 and nuclear HDAC4 proteins were performed by Western blotting. Tubulin and GAPDH were used as loading controls. The optical density values were normalized to their respective Tubulin and GAPDH loading controls, and the means±SEMs were graphed (relative expression) to semi-quantitatively compare the protein levels. *p<0.05 (at least) vs. NC group; #p<0.05 (at least) vs. HH group. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p

Effects of electrical stimulation on the CIHH-induced nuclear localization change of SRF (4 weeks).

<p>Gastrocnemius muscles were isolated from the lower limb of three groups of rats. Nuclear localization of SRF was determined by immunofluorescence staining; observations via confocal microscope indicate the localization of SRF in green fluorescence and the nuclei with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in blue fluorescence as a comparison(see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152525#pone.0152525.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>). Arrowheads show the localization of nuclei staining and the inset shows perinuclear staining for SRF. NC group showed that the staining pattern of the factor was identified in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm (g). After 4 weeks, some parts of HH group showed exclusively cytoplasmic in HH group (h). In HE group nuclear localization change of SRF was partly reversed (i). Detailed images of both 2 weeks and 4 weeks are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0152525#pone.0152525.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>. Original magnification 40×. NC = normal control group; HH = hypoxia-hypercapnia group; HE = hypoxia-hypercapnia + electrical stimulation.</p