Body mass index and bone mass in postmenopausal women: a dilemma in clinical practice

 ABSTRACTIntroduction: Low weight and obesity are risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women; however, the influence of its change on a therapeutic response to biophosphonates for the prevention of fractures has not been defined yet. Objective:To describe the association between the body mass index (BMI) and bone mass in postmenopausal women, as well as to identify changes in weight and BMI during the treatment with biophosphonates. Material and methods: Weight, height, and BMI was determined in 296 women who came consecutively to the Climateric and Osteoporosis Clinic (ClimOS) in Havana from 2009 to 2014 (n=103), and to the Department of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid (n=193); also, bone mineral density in lumbar spine and hip was measured by DXA.  The influence of initial body weight and its temporal variation with the use of biophosphonates (BPS) was evaluated in 80 of them. Statistical analysis: standard statistical average for qualitative variables, frequencies for the qualitative variables, Student´s t-Tests, and X2 test for differences among them.  Pearson´s correlation to specify the influence of the initial weight and BMI, and their differences in the response to biophosphonates. Besides, p&lt;0,05 value was used for statistical significance. Results: Low weight was identified 4/296; more than half of them were overweight or obese. Women who were evaluated in ClimOs, presented a worse bone status on the hip. Neither association of body weight nor BMI was found on the response to treatment with (BPS). Conclusions: The influence of body weight on a new fracture was controversial; it is suggested to include ponderal variation as part of the treatment for osteoporosis.Keywords:  menopause, osteoporosis, body mass index, biophosphonates, body composition.</p

Índice de masa corporal y masa ósea en mujeres postmenopáusicas: dilema en la práctica clínica

Introduction: Low weight and obesity are risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women; however, the influence of its change on a therapeutic response to biophosphonates for the prevention of fractures has not been defined yet. Objective:To describe the association between the body mass index (BMI) and bone mass in postmenopausal women, as well as to identify changes in weight and BMI during the treatment with biophosphonates. Material and methods: Weight, height, and BMI was determined in 296 women who came consecutively to the Climateric and Osteoporosis Clinic (ClimOS) in Havana from 2009 to 2014 (n=103), and to the Department of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Madrid (n=193); also, bone mineral density in lumbar spine and hip was measured by DXA. The influence of initial body weight and its temporal variation with the use of biophosphonates (BPS) was evaluated in 80 of them. Statistical analysis: standard statistical average for qualitative variables, frequencies for the qualitative variables, Student´s t-Tests, and X2 test for differences among them. Pearson´s correlation to specify the influence of the initial weight and BMI, and their differences in the response to biophosphonates. Besides, p<0,05 value was used for statistical significance. Results: Low weight was identified 4/296; more than half of them were overweight or obese. Women who were evaluated in ClimOs, presented a worse bone status on the hip. Neither association of body weight nor BMI was found on the response to treatment with (BPS). Conclusions: The influence of body weight on a new fracture was controversial; it is suggested to include ponderal variation as part of the treatment for osteoporosis.Keywords: menopause, osteoporosis, body mass index, biophosphonates, body composition.Introducción: En mujeres postmenopáusicas el bajo peso y la obesidad son factores de riesgo para la Osteoporosis; sin embargo, está por definir la influencia de su cambio  en la respuesta terapéutica con bisfosfonatos para la prevención de la fractura.Objetivo: Describir asociación entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) y masa ósea en mujeres en post menopausia, así como identificar las variaciones en peso e IMC durante el tratamiento con bisfosfonatos. Material y Métodos: En 296 mujeres quienes entre 2009-2014 concurrieron consecutivamente a la Clínica de Climaterio y Osteoporosis  (ClimOS)  La Habana (n=103), y al Departamento de Enfermedades Metabólicas Óseas de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (n=193) se determinó peso, talla, IMC, y mediante DXA la densidad mineral ósea en columna lumbar y cadera. En 80 de ellas se evaluó la influencia del peso corporal inicial y su variación temporal durante el uso de bisfosfonatos. Análisis estadístico: Promedio y desviación estándar para variables cuantitativas, frecuencias para las variables cualitativas y las  Pruebas T Students y X2 para diferencias entre  ellas. Correlación de Pearson para precisar influencia del peso inicial  y el IMC y su diferencia en la respuesta a los bisfosfonatos. Se utilizó valor p<0,05 para la significación estadística. Resultados: Bajo peso se identificó 4/296, más de la mitad presentaron sobrepeso/obesidad. Las mujeres evaluadas en la ClimOs presentaron peor estatus óseo en cadera. No se encontró asociación del peso corporal ni del IMC sobre la respuesta al tratamiento con BPS. Conclusiones: La influencia del peso corporal sobre una nueva fractura fue controversial, se sugiere incluir la variación ponderal como parte del tratamiento  para la osteoporosis.Palabras claves: Menopausia, osteoporosis, índice de masa corporal, bisfosfonatos, composición corporal

Factores de riesgo modificables o no, relacionados con la densidad mineral ósea en mujeres de edad mediana Modifiable or not factors related to mineral bone density in middle aged women

Introducción: en Cuba no existen datos nacionales acerca de la prevalencia de osteoporosis. Los cambios demográficos mundiales hacen necesaria la investigación y la difusión de la información relativas a la osteoporosis. Objetivo: identificar posibles diferencias en la densidad mineral ósea, de acuerdo con la presencia de factores de riesgo modificables o no, en mujeres de edad mediana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 259 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta ClimOs en el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología, del cual se excluyeron las mujeres con osteoporosis secundaria. La densidad mineral ósea se determinó mediante absorciometría dual de rayos x en antebrazo distal y columna lumbar. Las pacientes se dividieron en 2 categorías: aquellas con densidad mineral ósea normal que se ubicaron en el grupo I, y las que presentaron baja densidad mineral ósea (osteopenia y/o osteoporosis) constituyeron el grupo II. Para establecer diferencias entre grupos se emplearon las pruebas t de student y chi cuadrado, con un nivel de significación del 5 %. Se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple para el análisis de la densidad mineral ósea, integrando ambas regiones estudiadas. Resultados: al unir los resultados de la densitometría realizada en antebrazo y columna lumbar, de las 259 mujeres de edad mediana, el 72,2 % tenía baja masa ósea, que incluye a 99 pacientes (38,2 %) con osteopenia, y 88 (34,0 %) con diagnóstico de osteoporosis, solo 72 mujeres (27,8 %) tuvieron una masa ósea normal. Al aplicar la regresión logística múltiple a las variables estadísticamente significativas: edad, color de la piel, antecedente patológico familiar de fractura, función ovárica, índice de masa corporal, hormona folículo estimulante, hormona luteinizante y estradiol, las que se asociaron con una mayor probabilidad de tener densidad mineral ósea disminuida fueron: color de la piel blanca (Odds Ratio= 3,949, p= 0,025), antecedente familiar de fractura (Odds Ratio= 2,836, p= 0,044), y la posmenopausia (Odds Ratio= 10,185, p= 0,008). Conclusiones: las mujeres de edad mediana que presentaron mayor probabilidad de tener una masa ósea disminuida fueron aquellas de color de la piel blanca, con antecedentes familiares de fractura, y en las que la posmenopausia comparece.<br>Introduction: in Cuba there are not national data on the osteoporosis's prevalence. The world demographic changes make necessary the research and the diffusion of information relative to osteoporosis. Objective: to identify the possible differences in the bon mineral density, according to the presence of modifiable or not risk factors in middle aged women. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in 259 patients came to ClimOs consultation in the National Institute of Endocrinology ruled out the women presenting with secondary osteoporosis. The bone mineral density is determined by means of dual beam absorptiometry in distal forearm and lumbar spine. Patients were divided into two categories: those with a normal mineral bone density located in I group and those with a low bone mineral density (osteopenia and/or osteoporosis) corresponded to II group. To establish differences among groups the t student and chi2 tests with a 5 % significance level. The multiple logistic regression was used for analysis of bone mineral density integrating both study regions. Results: combining the results of the densitometry carried out in th forearm and lumbar spine of the 259 middle aged women, the 72.2 % had a low bone mass including 99 patients (38.2 %) with osteopenia and 88 (34.0 %) diagnosed with osteoporosis, only 72 (27.8 %) women had a normal bone mass. Applying the multiple logistic regression to statistically significant variables: age, skin color, family pathological background of fracture, ovarian function, body mass rate, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and estradiol, those associated with a great probability to have a decreased bon mineral density were: white skin color (Odds Ratio= 3,949, p= 0,025), family background of fracture (Odds Ratio= 2,836, p= 0,044), and the post-menopause (Odds Ratio= 10,185, p= 0,008). Conclusions: the women middle aged with a great probability to have a decreased bone mineral density were those of white skin color, with family backgrounds of fracture and in those where the postmenopause is present

Feocromocitoma. Presentación de un caso clínico. Pheochromocytoma. A clinical case report.

El feocromocitoma es un tumor de células cromafines, que puede localizarse en los territorios derivados de la cresta neural, o en el trayecto que siguen estas células hasta su localización definitiva. Por lo general se ubican en el abdomen (90 % de los casos) particularmente en las glándulas suprarrenales y en el órgano de Zuckerkandl. Pueden causar una amplia variedad de síntomas, dada su capacidad de secretar catecolaminas, particularmente noradrenalina y adrenalina, en cantidades variables e intermitentes. Clínicamente pueden ser asintomáticos o presentarse con hipertensión arterial paroxística, o permanente con o sin paroxismos, acompañados de la triada clásica de cefalea, hiperhidrosis y taquicardia. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior decidimos presentar un caso clínico de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 40 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial controlada, aparentemente de tipo esencial de varios años de evolución, con el diagnóstico de tumoración suprarrenal derecha incidental, aparentemente no funcionante, y que después de la palpación abdominal pre-quirúrgica, comienza con una crisis paroxística hipertensiva severa. Se prepara con alfa bloqueador y se interviene con informe anatomopatológico de feocromocitoma de suprarrenal derecha.<br>The pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the chromaffin cells that may be located in territories derived from the neural crest or in the way these cells follow to their definitive localization. Generally, they are located in the abdomen (90 % of the cases), particularly in the suprarenal glands and in Zuckerkandl's organ. They may cause a wide variety of symptoms due to their capacity for secreting catecholamine, specifically noradrenalin and adrenaline in variable and intermittent amounts. Clinically, they may be asymptomatic or appear with paroxistic arterial hypertension, or permanent with or without paroxisms, accompanied with the classic triad of headache, hyperhydrosis and tachycardia. According to the above-mentioned, it was decided to present a clinical case of a 40-year-old male patient with history of apparently essential controlled arterial hypertension of several years of evolution, with the diagnosis of apparently non-functional incidental right suprarenal tumor that after presurgical abdominal palpation began with a paroxistic hypertensive severe crisis. The patient was prepared with an alpha-blocker and he was operated on. A pheochromocytoma of the right suprarenal gland was confirmed in the anatomopathological report