Paleolimmological perspective of recent hidroclimate variability in the Central Argentina: from the Little Ice Age to the 21th century

En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de diferentes estudios paleolimnoló-gicos previamente publicados y desarrollados en la región subtropical Argentina, con la finalidad de efectuar comparaciones latitudinales de la respuesta hidrológica de estos sistemas lacustres frente a las variaciones de la circulación atmosférica asociada a la dinámica del Sistema Monzónico Sudamericano desde la Pequeña Edad de Hielo (PEH) hasta la actualidad. Con este objetivo se analizan y comparan los registros paleolimnológicos recientes (~ 250 años) de las lagunas Mar Chiquita (Córdoba), Melincué (Santa Fe) y Encadenadas del Oeste (Buenos Aires). La necesidad de analizar integradamente la variabilidad hidroclimática de alta (1 a 101 años) y baja frecuencia (102 años en adelante) en el centro de Argentina toma relevancia a partir del gran “salto hidroclimático” ocurrido durante la década de los años 70 en el sudeste del continente sudamericano. Este cambio caracterizado por un aumento notable en las precipitaciones ha sido registrado como uno de los mayores saltos hidrológicos ocurridos en ambientes continentales a nivel global. Debido a que algunos patrones de variabilidad climática se caracterizan por períodos largos, es difícil discernir si la variabilidad ambiental observada es natural o bien corresponde a una señal de cambio con múltiples forzantes (antrópicos + naturales). En este sentido las reconstrucciones hidroclimáticas basadas en indicadores múltiples (sedimentología, geoquímica, bioindicadores, isótopos estables) permiten conocer la variabilidad ambiental durante un período superior al percibido por los habitantes de una región afectada, aportando a la sociedad el conocimiento básico para abandonar la idea del clima estacionario, suministrando además herramientas para efectuar eficientemente la Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos. Las reconstruc-ciones paleohidrológicas y paleoambientales de las secuencias estudiadas indican que en general durante la finalización de la PEH predominaron condiciones áridas a lo largo de la región Pampeana, reflejadas por los niveles bajos a extremadamente bajos de las lagunas, con episodios de fases lacustres de niveles intermedios de menor duración. La PEH se habría extendido hasta la década de 1870/80 AD, momento que es indicado por el pasaje de sistemas lacustres efímeros a perennes. A partir de ca. 1870/80 AD y hasta 1976/77 AD se produce un mejoramiento climático progresivo a partir de un incremento sostenido de la humedad efectiva, que se refleja en los niveles intermedios alcanzados por las lagunas desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Durante los últimos ~ 40 años se establecieron los niveles lacustres más altos registrados desde la PEH, dando lugar al establecimiento de las condiciones actuales de las lagunas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten perfeccionar los modelos planteados sobre la variabilidad hidroclimática pasada en las regiones ubicadas hacia el E-SE de la Diagonal Árida Sudamericana y aportan información crucial para descifrar la actividad del Sistema Monzónico Sudamericano en su zona de influencia más austral.This paper provides a review of the hydroclimatic variability reconstructions along the subtropical Argentinean region based on paleolimnological records from Laguna Mar Chiquita (Córdoba; Piovano et al., 2002, 2004, 2009), Laguna Melincué (Santa Fe; Guerra, 2015; Guerra et al., 2015) to Lagunas Encadenadas del Oeste (LEO; Buenos Aires; Córdoba, 2012; Fig. 1). Lake records span two climatologically interesting periods, the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA; Grove, 2001; Wanner et al., 2008) and the 20th century. Regional climate in the studied area is mainly defined by the South American Monsoon System that rules the precipitation regime and is one of the major atmospheric features driving seasonal climatic variability in southeastern South America (Vera et al., 2006; Garreaud et al., 2009; Carvalho et al., 2011; Fig. 1). The need for an integral analysis of the high (1-101 years) and low (>102 years) frequency hydroclimatic variability associated with the South American Monsoon System activity becomes relevant when considering the significant “hydroclimatic jump” occurred during mid-1970s in the southeast of South America (Castañeda and Barros, 1994; Boulanger et al., 2005; Piovano et al., 2009; Carvalho et al., 2011; Jacques-Coper and Garreaud, 2014). This “jump” toward humid conditions (Figs. 2, 3) has been recorded as one of the largest instrumentally recorded hydrological changes occurred globally in continental environments (Giorgi, 2002). Because some climate variability patterns are characterized by long periods, it is difficult to distinguish whether the observed environmental variability is natural or corresponds to a climatic change with multiple forcing factors (natural plus anthropogenic). In this sense hydroclimatic reconstructions based on multiple proxies (sedimentology, geochemistry, biomarkers, stable isotopes) provide insight into how was environmental variability during a longer period than that perceived by the people of an affected region. Results of instrumental data blended with multiproxy studies on sedimentary cores from Laguna Mar Chiquita (Fig. 5), Laguna Melincué (Fig. 6) and Lagunas Encadenadas del Oeste (Fig. 7) indicate that Pampean lake systems have clearly recorded hydrological variations around the end of the LIA (since AD 1770) to the present. Sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic data (Figs. 5, 6 and 7) combined with robust chronologies based on 210Pb profiles (Fig. 4) and historical data (Piovano et al., 2002, 2004; Guerra, 2015; Guerra et al., 2015; Córdoba, 2012; Córdoba et al., en revisión) provide the framework for building a sedimentary model for Pampean shallow lakes with highly variable water depth and salinity (Fig. 8). Intervals with either negative or positive hydrological balances control lake water levels, salinity and primary productivity, and also the isotopic composition of both authigenic carbonate (d18Ocarb and d13Ccarb) and sedimentary organic matter (d13Com). Extensive evaporation during lowstand stages results in an enrichment of 18O and 13C in the lake waters, and is recorded in the sediments as the most positive d18Ocarb and d13Ccarb compositions. Conversely, more negative d18Ocarb and d13Ccarb values are the result of increasing freshwater input into the lake system. Relatively low d13Com values correspond with high lake levels, low salinity, low alkalinity and high lake productivity. High water salinity during lowstands diminishes the amount of primary production and the d13Com value is correspondingly high. Lake water level drops and concurrent increases in salinity promoted the development of evaporitic layers and a marked decrease in primary productivity. The deposits of these dry stages are evaporite-bearing sediments with a low organic matter content. Conversely, highstands are recorded as organic matter-rich muds. These results show that Pampean lakes are good sensors of high- and low-frequency changes in the recent hydrological budget and, therefore, document climatic changes at middle latitudes in south-eastern South America. The paleohydrological reconstructions based on these Pampean lacustrine sedimentary sequences (Figs. 5, 6 and 7) allowed identifying three major environmental periods (Fig. 9). The paleolimnological records indicate that during the end of the LIA arid conditions prevailed along the Pampean region, reflected by low to extremely shallow-water depths, with shorter intermediate lake-level phases (Period III; Fig. 9). The LIA would have extended until AD 1870/1880, as indicated by the passage from ephemeral to perennial lake systems. From ca. AD 1870/1880 to 1976/1977 a progressive climate improvement after a sustained increase in effective moisture occurred along the region, reflected by the intermediate lake levels achieved since the second half of the nineteenth century (Period II; Fig. 9). During the last ~ 40 years the highest lake levels of the analyzed period were established, leading to the development of the present-day hydrological conditions (Period I). These results allow improving the models based on past hydroclimatic variability in areas located east-southeast of American Arid Diagonal (Bruniard, 1982; Piovano et al., 2009), and provide critical information to decipher South American Monsoon System activity in its southernmost influence area.Fil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Guerra, Lucía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Cuña Rodriguez, Carolina Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Sylvestre, Florence. Aix-Marseille Université; FranciaFil: Piovano, Eduardo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentin

Inferring the occurrence of regime shifts in a shallow lake during the last 250 years based on multiple indicators

Regime shifts are ecosystem-scale phenomena. In lake studies, most supporting evidence is frequently based on a single state variable. We examined the sediment record of the shallow lake Blanca Chica (Argentina) to explore the response of multiple proxies belonging to different trophic levels (nutrients, chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, diatoms, Cladocera remains, and Rotifera resting eggs) over the last 250 yr. We explored different ecological indicators to assess changes consistent with regime shifts. To do so, first we identified the timing of transitional periods on multiple-proxies. Then, we explored (1) the nature of the change (linear versus non-linear dynamics), (2) different indicators of a shift across the food web: multimodality and resilience indicators (standard deviation and autocorrelation), and (3) examined the synchronicity of the detected indicators at multiple-trophic levels. Generalized additive models fitted to the ordination scores of the assemblages analyzed revealed two transitions: ca. 1860–1900, and 1915–1990. Ecological indicators of regime shifts revealed that the first transition is consistent with a threshold state response (change in the ecosystem state manifest as a jump when the driver exceeds a state threshold), and the second one with a critical transition (hysteretic transition in which the system change to an alternate stable state). After the first transition lake structure shifted from littoral to pelagic species dominance (evidenced by Cladocera and diatom assemblages), and turbidity increased, indicating a rise in lake water level. This transition was non-linear, showed multimodality, and is most likely driven by an increase in precipitation registered in the region since 1870. During the second transition, nutrient levels rose, all indicators showed multimodality, non-linear dynamics and an increase in standard deviation prior to the regime shift. These dynamics are consistent with a critical transition in response to eutrophication, and coincides with a post-1920 change in land use. Our results show that several ecological indicators of regime shifts need to be examined to perform an accurate diagnosis. We highlight the relevance of a multi-proxy approach including multiple-trophic level responses as the appropriate scale of analysis to determine the occurrence, type and dynamics of regime shifts. We also show that resilience indicators and critical transitions can be detectable in the whole food web and that shallow lakes can undergo different types of regime shifts.Fil: Gonzalez Sagrario, Maria de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Musazzi, Simona. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mendiolar, Manuela. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Lami, Andrea. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Itali

Changes in planktivory and herbivory regimes in a shallow South American lake (Lake Blanca Chica, Argentina) over the last 250 years

Shallow lakes are vulnerable ecosystems impacted by human activities and climate change. The Cladocera occupy a central role in food webs and are an excellent paleoecological indicator of food web structure and trophic status. We conducted a paleolimnological study in Lake Blanca Chica (Argentina) to detect changes on the planktivory and herbivory regimes over the last 250 years. Generalized additive models were fitted to the time series of fish predation indicators (ephippial abundance and size, mucrone size, fish scales, and the planktivory index) and pheophorbide a concentration. The cladoceran assemblage changed from littoral-benthic to pelagic species dominance and zooplankton switched from large-bodied (Daphnia) to small-bodied grazers (Bosmina) ca. 1900 due to increased predation. The shift in planktivory regime (ca. 1920-1930), indicated by fish scales and the planktivory index, as well as herbivory (ca. 1920-1950), was triggered by eutrophication. Changes in planktivory affected the size structure of Bosmina, reducing its body size. This study describes the baseline for the lake as well as the profound changes in the composition and size structure of the zooplankton community due to increased predation and the shift in the planktivory regime. These findings will provide a reference status for future management strategies of this ecosystem.Fil: Carrozzo, David Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biología; ArgentinaFil: Musazzi, Simona. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Italia. Water Research Institute; ItaliaFil: Lami, Andrea. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Italia. Water Research Institute; ItaliaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Sagrario, Maria de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Limnogeology in Southern South America: On overview

One of the major goals of Limnogeology is to provide clues on past Earth system environmental unevenness and feedbacks on longer time scales (100s-1,000s of years) than instrumental records, thus including periods with null or low anthropic influences on the environment. The multiproxy approach in the analysis of lake records allows to gain a wider overview than could be acquired from a single proxy data. Unlike the Northern Hemisphere, reconstructions of Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental variability across Southern South America have been hampered by the paucity of complete and well-dated paleoclimate archives. However, last decades have been marked by a substantial increase of paleoclimatic research providing new data to analyze past climate variability from a regional perspective in Southern South America. This special issue include five articles applying a variety of proxy data (physical, chemical and biological) to elucidate climate and environmental changes on various time scales. Contributions cover a wide geographic distribution from the Antarctic Peninsula, Patagonia, Pampean region and NW Argentina up to the Río de la Plata Estuary. Results provide critical elements for further assessments of latitudinal paleo-circulation dynamics and hydroclimatic changes. The recent proliferation of limnogeological studies in Argentina and Uruguay evidence the reinforcement of regional research networks providing comparative and integrative analysis.Fil: Piovano, Eduardo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Stutz, Silvina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Multi-annual response of a Pampean shallow lake from central Argentina to regional and large-scale climate forcings

The Pampean Plains comprise a flat area of southeastern South America (SESA), encompassing the most populated and productive area of Argentina. Several floods and droughts have been reported in the region during the last 50 years affecting lakeshore villages. In spite of the well-known importance of monitoring hydrological systems in flood-risk areas, long series of instrumental limnimetric data are sparse in the Pampean Plains. Lake Melincué (33°43′S/61°28′W), located in the center of this region, provides a valuable record of the annual lake-area oscillations from 1965 to 2015. In this study we analyze the lake area variability at different time-scales, from intra-annual to multi-annual, investigating the persistence and the frequencies of the series. Our results show that the lake area oscillates following a significant quasi-bidecadal periodicity. A secondary 13 years-frequency signal was detected since the 1970s, when a dramatic increase in Lake Melincué area occurred, associated with a shift to humid conditions in SESA. The analysis of meteorological series suggests that lake area variations are controlled by precipitation and evaporation with different time-lags. Further comparisons of the lake area fluctuations with climate indices from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans provide evidence of the link between the dynamic of lakes in the Pampean Plains and both large-scale climate circulation and low-frequency phenomena. These results confirm that a regular monitoring of these shallow lake systems and the analysis of high-resolution reliable data on inland water environments of the Pampean Plains is fundamental for anticipating their hydrological responses to forecasted climate changes.Fil: Guerra, Lucía. Universidad de Ginebra; Suiza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Martini, Mateo Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Jujuy; ArgentinaFil: Ariztegui, Daniel. University Of Geneva; SuizaFil: Piovano, Eduardo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentin

Hydro-climatological variability in Lagunas de Vilama System, Argentinean Altiplano-Puna Plateau, Southern Tropical Andes (22° S), and its response to large-scale climate forcings

The Altiplano-Puna Plateau holds several shallow lakes, which are very sensitive to climate changes. This work is focused on a high-altitude lake system called Lagunas de Vilama (LVS), located in a complex climatic transition area with scarcity of continuous and homogeneous instrumental records. The objective of this study is to determine the regional spatial–temporal variability of precipitation and evaluate the seasonal and interannual lake responses. We use a lake-surfaces record derived from Landsat images to investigate links with regional precipitations and different climatic forcings. The results reveal that austral summer and autumn precipitations control the variability of the annual lake-surfaces. Also, we found intra-annual and interannual lags in the lake responses to precipitations, and identified several wet and dry stages. Our results show negative trends in precipitations and lake-surfaces, whose were strengthened by a shift to a warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the 1990s. The El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Southern Annular Mode also exert a strong influence in the region. This study demonstrates that the variability of LVS lakes is strongly related to the South American Monsoon System dynamics and large-scale climate forcings from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This work provides novel indices which demonstrated to be good indicators of regional hydro-climatological variability for this region of South America.Fil: Santamans, Carla Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Geología Minera; ArgentinaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Geología Minera; ArgentinaFil: Franco, María Gabriela. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Geología Minera; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Vignoni, Paula. German Research Centre for Geosciences; Alemania. Universitat Potsdam; AlemaniaFil: Lupo, Liliana Concepcion. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

¿Qué criterios y consideraciones debemos tener en cuenta cuando hablamos de cambio de régimen en los lagos someros?

Los lagos someros o lagunas, experimentan cambios de régimen. Sin embargo, para dar cuenta de ello diversos criterios y/o indicadores necesitan ser evaluados. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar las distintas herramientas que pueden considerarse a la hora de definir un cambio de régimen en un ecosistema. Para ello, se tomó como ejemplo un estudio paleolimnológico realizado en la Laguna Blanca Chica (Olavarría), que incluye el análisis de múltiples indicadores pertenecientes a distintos niveles tróficos y el empleo de distintas herramientas estadísticas (GAM, density curves, Early warning signals). De este estudio se desprende que para poder establecer si un cambio de régimen ocurrió es necesario contar con una serie temporal de datos extendida en el tiempo, testear la ocurrencia de transiciones y caracterizar su dinámica considerando diversos niveles de la trama trófica del ecosistema.Fil: Gonzalez Sagrario, Maria de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Muzzasi, Simona. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Mendiolar, Manuela. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; ArgentinaFil: Lami, Andrea. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaX Congreso de Ecología y Manejo de Ecosistemas Acuáticos Pampeanos (EMEAP 2019)AzulArgentinaInstituto de Hidrología de Llanuras "Dr. Eduardo J. Usunoff"Instituto Multidisciplinario sobre Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentabl

Spatial variability of the modern radiocarbon reservoir effect in the high-altitude lake Laguna del Peinado (southern Puna Plateau, Argentina)

The high-altitude lakes of the Altiplano–Puna Plateau in the Central Andes commonly have large radiocarbon reservoir effects. This, combined with the general scarcity of terrestrial organic matter, makes obtaining a reliable and accurate chronological model based on radiocarbon ages a challenge. As a result, age–depth models based on radiocarbon dating are often constructed by correcting for the modern reservoir effect, but commonly without consideration of spatial and possible temporal variations of reservoir ages within the lake and across the basin. In order to get a better constraint on the spatial variability of the radiocarbon reservoir effects, we analyse 14C ages of modern terrestrial and aquatic plants from the El Peinado basin in the southern Puna Plateau, which hosts Laguna del Peinado fed by hydrothermal springs. The oldest 14C ages of modern samples (>18000 and >26000 BP) were found in hot springs discharging into the lake, likely resulting from the input of 14C-depleted carbon from old groundwater and 14Cfree magmatic CO2. In the littoral and central part of Laguna del Peinado, 14C ages of modern samples were several thousand years younger (>13000 and >12000 BP) compared to the inflowing waters as a result of CO2 exchange with the atmosphere. Altogether, our findings reveal a spatial variability of up to 14000 14C years of the modern reservoir effect between the hot springs and the northern part of the Peinado lake basin. Temporal changes of reservoir effects in sediment records are more difficult to quantify, but 14C ages from a short core from Laguna del Peinado may suggest temporal reservoir age variations of a few thousand years. This study has implications for accurate 14C-based chronologies for palaeoclimate studies in the Altiplano–Puna Plateau and similar settings. Our results highlight the need to consider spatial and likely also temporal variations in the reservoir effects when constructing age–depth models.Fil: Vignoni, Paula A.. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Tjallingii, Rik. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Santamans, Carla Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Lupo, Liliana Concepcion. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Brauer, Achim. German Research Centre for Geosciences; Alemani

Precipitation rather than temperature imprinted the phylogeography of the endemic shrub Anarthrophyllum desideratum in the Patagonian steppe

Aim In order to assess the impact of precipitation changes during Pleistocene glaciations on plant species of the Patagonian steppe, a phylogeographical study of the endemic shrub Anarthrophyllum desideratum was performed. Location Southern Patagonia: Argentina and Chile. Methods Chloroplast intergenic spacers trnS?trnG and rpoB?trnC were sequenced for 264 individuals from 33 localities spanning the entire distribution of A. desideratum. Phylogenetic (statistical parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) and population genetic analyses (spatial analyses of molecular variance, mismatch distributions, neutrality tests and Bayesian skyline plot) were performed. Divergence time estimates using a calibrated molecular clock were also conducted. Niche modelling was used to reconstruct the palaeodistribution to validate phylogeographical patterns. Results Thirty haplotypes were identified that clustered into two main lineages, revealing a significant latitudinal phylogeographical break north and south of the Deseado River (c.47°S). Infra-specific diversification began in the late Miocene, with northern and southern lineages separating c. 3 Ma, after the eastern Patagonian lowlands started to become increasingly arid. Three areas of high molecular diversity were identified: one in southern and two in northern Patagonia where niche modelling indicates that the species may have survived during the Last Glacial Maximum. These putative refugia received more moisture than much of the steppe during glaciation-associated aridization. The south-western refugium is the more likely source for eastward range expansion during post-glacial humidification. Main conclusions Anarthrophyllum desideratum responded differently to historical processes north and south of the Deseado River. In the north this species survived in situ in fragmented populations, whereas in the south it survived in localized refugia that presumably avoided extreme aridization, and from which it expanded eastwards. For southern Patagonia, our results support a new historical scenario affected more by precipitation regimes than by temperature changes associated with glacial cycles. This hypothesis should be considered in future plant phylogeographical studies from the Patagonian steppe. Keywords Aridization, cold?warm hypothesis, ecological niche modelling, Fabaceae, historical water balance, in situ survival, plant phylogeography, Pleistocene glaciations, refugia, westerlies.Fil: Cosacov Martinez, Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Johnson, Leigh A.. Brigham Young University. Department of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum; Estados UnidosFil: Paiaro, Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cocucci, Andrea Aristides. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Sersic, Alicia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentin

Past climate and environmental changes in the Central Andes of NW Argentina recorded in Laguna Comedero sediments

Due to the meridional extension and prominent orography, the Central Andes of NW Argentina act as a topographic barrier to the moisture-bearing easterly winds. This result in contrasting climate conditions and a steep E-W rainfall gradient with high precipitation on the eastern flanks and increasing aridity westwards into the Puna plateau. Laguna Comedero is a shallow lake located in the subtropical forest of the Yungas in the eastern flank of the Argentine Eastern Cordillera (24°06´54.7" S - 65°29´7.2" W, 2,035 m a.s.l.). About 80% of the total annual precipitation (~1300 mm, Los Nogales station 1958-1989) occurs between November and March, controlled by the dynamics of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS). This region is considered sensitive to shifts in the SAMS, as well as the superposition of other large-scale phenomena (e.g. El Niño Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation) but the timing and extent of precipitation changes prior to the instrumental period in this area are still largely unknown. Here we present a combination of XRF core scanning, CN elemental analyses and stable isotopes of an 11 m-long sediment record from this lake for reconstructing the regional late Holocene climate history in this region of South America. Our results reveal a prominent shift in sedimentation, from detrital brown event-triggered silt and clay deposition and sandy intervals in the lower part of the core to an alternation of gray clastic and black organic-rich intervals in the upper 3.5 m. Below this shift in sedimentation, low TOC values (mean 0.34%) and high values ofelements indicative of detrital sediments (e.g. Ti) suggest a dominance of catchment erosion processes. High TOC values of up to 20.5% in the organic-rich intervals in the uppermost 3.5 m likely reflect substantial terrestrial organic matter influx as suggested by C/N atomic ratios around 17. δ13COM values in these intervals (-28.8 to -22.2?) reflect the contribution of the Yungas forest (-27.9 to -27.2?) surrounding the lake, dominated by Alnus acuminata, Polypepis australis, Podocarpus parlatorei, among other subtropical tree species. Alnus forest is related to >1000 mm/yr rainfalls. The pronounced alternation of organic-rich and detrital sediments in the upper 3.5 m suggest highly variable lake conditions that might be either influenced by climate and/or catchment changes and is the focus of further investigations. Preliminary dating suggests that the increase in organic matter deposition in the lake occurred at the beginning of the last millennium (ca. AD 1,000). A more detailed chronological framework is in progress including a paleomagnetic reconstruction for this area.Fil: Vignoni, Paula. German Research Centre for Geosciences; Alemania. Universitat Potsdam; AlemaniaFil: Tjallingii, Rik. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Cordoba, Francisco Elizalde. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Plessen, Birgit. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Torres, Gonzalo Román. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Lupo, Liliana Concepcion. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Nowaczyk, Norbert. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Brauer, Achim. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaEGU General Assembly 2020ViennaAustriaEuropean Geosciences Unio