The chiral condensate in a constant electromagnetic field

We study the shift of the chiral condensate in a constant electromagnetic field in the context of chiral perturbation theory. Using the Schwinger proper-time formalism, we derive a one-loop expression correct to all orders in $m_{\pi}^2 / eH$. Our result correctly reproduces a previously derived ``low-energy theorem'' for $m_\pi = 0$. We show that it is essential to include corrections due to non-vanishing $m_\pi$ in order for a low energy theorem to have any approximate regime of validity in the physical universe. We generalize these results to systems containing electric fields, and discuss the regime of validity for the results. In particular, we discuss the circumstances in which the method formally breaks down due to pair creation in an electric field.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX; removed extraneous section + minor revision

Let\u27s Talk about Sex Baby

This thesis focuses on parental relationships, communication, and lifestyles and their potential in shaping their children\u27s sexual attitudes and behaviors. Prior research has examined the effect of the media and schools on adolescent sexuality; however, there is little information on parents. The literature review was an evaluation of studies and written works focused on these three factors, media, schooling, and parental involvement, potentially having an effect on adolescent’s sexual attitudes and behaviors. It was found that media had a strong ability to over sexualize the youth of America. The educational aspect was two dimensional, there was clearly a positive aspect of learning about sex from a health professional’s perspective but there is great controversy in which type of education, abstinence only or comprehensive, should take place and at what age. Parental involvement left the most unanswered questions because of inconclusive findings, which is why the research of this thesis was focused on parents potential affect on their children’s sexual attitudes and behaviors. The research was split between a survey, given to 111 students, and eight one-on-one interviews. Though no findings in this sociological study can be conclusive or causational there is to some degree evidence to suggest that parental communication and sex education is associated with safe sexual activity and the use of protection. There was an assortment of limitations ranging from the sample population to the sensitive nature of the topic, but practical conclusions can still be drawn. Respondents as a whole are practicing safe sex, comfortable talking about sex with partners and friends, have communicated with their parents about sex, and had sex education in both middle and high school. The findings from this research lead to several implications, primarily the continued need for early parental involvement and positive communication. There is also a great need for sex education in schools around the country and mandated curriculum that can give adolescents safe and imperative knowledge. Findings also revealed a lack of comfort with health professionals, which showed the need for physician’s to make themselves more readily available to adolescent patients and more open and honest about sexual behaviors and attitudes. This thesis concluded with the suggestion of continued research. With a different sample population and less vague questioning there is potential for both enlightening and possibly significant findings

Fond Fathers, Devoted Daughters? Family Sentiment in Seventeenth-Century France

This article argues that we should study the history of family sentiment through a method of close reading that attends sharply to the particularities of cultural context. As a demonstration it takes the ''difficult'' case of the relationships between fathers and daughters in early modern France. Careful analysis, albeit from a slim array of documents allows us to contend that from the middle of the seventeenth century, among men and women of affluent, but not courtly elites, new habits of experiencing and expressing feelings were emerging within the family. This new style of sentiment drew upon parallel developments in the rhetoric of emotion in the spheres of religion and secular literature. Cet article soutient que nous devrions étudier l’histoire du sentiment familial selon une méthode de lecture attentive qui s’applique en profondeur aux particularités du contexte culturel. A preuve ce cas « difficile » des relations entre pères et filles au début de la France moderne. Une analyse soigneuse, mais d’une documentation limitée, nous permet d’affirmer qu’à partir du milieu du XVIIe s., de nouvelles habitudes d’expériences et d’expressions des sentiments entre hommes et femmes des élites nobles ou bourgeoises, à l’exclusion de celles de la cour, commençaient à se manifester dans la famille. Ce changement de mentalités entraîna des développements parallèles dans l’expression des sentiments, dans les domaines de la religion et de la littérature profane