The carcinogenic action of 2-aminodiphenylene oxide and 4-aminodiphenyl on the bladder and liver of the C57 X IF mouse.

CLAYSON, Lawson, Santana and Bonser (1965) suggested that in the mouse the oral administration of chemical bladder carcinogens induced hyperplasia of the bladder epithelium in the first days or weeks of the experiment. Subsequently, Clayson and Pringle (1966) showed that the number of mitoses in the normal adult mouse bladder epithelium is very low and suggested that it is necessary to increase the mitotic rate in order to induce tumours. They showed that the implantation of a paraffin wax or cholesterol pellet, or a small glass bead, into the lumen of the bladder increased the mitotic rate. Subsequently, Clayson, Pringle and Bonser (1967) found that a single oral administration of 4-ethylsulphonylnaphthalene-1sulphonamide, a murine bladder carcinogen, greatly increased the number of mitoses in the bladder epithelium, while Wood (personal communication) observed a smaller increase in mice given 2-acetamidofluorene in the diet. Thus, the correlation of early hyperplasia and subsequent malignancy can be explained on the grounds of an initial increase in the number of mitoses in the bladder epithelium. In the course of the experiments of Clayson et al. (1965) a number of chemical

High Throughput Methods in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Porous Materials

Porous materials are widely employed in a large range of applications, in particular, for storage, separation, and catalysis of fine chemicals. Synthesis, characterization, and pre- and post-synthetic computer simulations are mostly carried out in a piecemeal and ad hoc manner. Whilst high throughput approaches have been used for more than 30 years in the porous material fields, routine integration of experimental and computational processes is only now becoming more established. Herein, important developments are highlighted and emerging challenges for the community identified, including the need to work toward more integrated workflows

The technique of bladder implantation: further results and an assessment.

JuLL (1951) suggested that the surgical introduction of a pellet containing a test chemical into the lumen of the mouse bladder might be useful for routine testing for carcinogenic activity. The method, it was thought, would possess the following advantages: (i) the chemical would be slowly eluted from the pellet and would therefore remain in contact with the bladder epithelium for a prolonged period; (ii) the metabolic processes of the liver, etc., would be by-passed, and (iii) the bladder would function under approximately normal conditions. Bladder implantation has been used successfully in Leeds (Bonser, Clayso