Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofiber Scaffolds Enhance Dopaminergic Differentiation of Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells in 3-Dimensional Culture

<div><p>Dopaminergic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) gains more and more attention worldwide owing to its potential use for neurorestorative therapy for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The conventional 2D cell culture on petri dishes with various animal derived substrata such as collagen gels, laminin, and Matrigel is widely used to induce dopaminergic differentiation and it may limit the efficiency in the generation of dopaminergic neurons from ESCs and prevent their application for human therapies. Here, we reported that a self-assembling peptide made from natural amino acids has a property to generate a true 3D environment for dopaminergic differentiation. Mouse ESCs (R1) and mouse iPSCs (TTF-1) embedded in RADA16-I peptide-derived nanofiber scaffolds led to a marked increase in dopaminergic differentiation compared to the laminin-coated 2D culture or Matrigel-encapsulated 3D culture. These differentiated neurons expressed specific dopaminergic markers and produced appropriate patterns of action potential firing. Consistent with the increase in the number of dopaminergic neurons differentiated from R1 or TTF-1 in the self-assembling peptide nanofiber scaffold (SAPNS), both the expression levels of genes that involve in dopaminergic differentiation and maturation and the dopamine release in SAPNS culture were significantly elevated. The results of the study suggest that SAPNS provides a promising 3D culture system for dopaminergic differentiation.</p> </div

Relative mRNA expression levels of dopaminergic differentiation markers (<i>Lmx1a</i>, <i>Foxa2</i>, En1, <i>Aadc</i>, <i>Nurr1</i>, Th, <i>Vmat2</i>, and <i>Dat</i>) in laminin-2D culture, Matrigel-3D culture and SAPNS-3D culture respectively.

<p>Quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated that a 4-fold increase for <i>Lmx1a</i> (A), 5-fold increase for <i>Nurr1</i> (E), <i>Vmat2</i> (G), and <i>Dat</i> (H), 6-fold increase for En1 (C) and <i>Aadc</i> (D), and 7-fold increase for <i>Foxa2</i> (B) and Th (F) were found in both R1 and TTF-1 differentiation when cultured in SAPNS as compared to their expressions in Matrigel or on laminin.</p

Derivation of neural progenitors from R1 and TTF-1 cells.

<p>(A) and (D) Phase contrast image shows that R1 and TTF-1 cells grew as colonies on mitomycin-treated MEF feeder cells. (B) and (E) Phase contrast image shows neural rosettes derived from R1 and TTF-1 cells. (C) and (F) Immunostaining reveals that predominantly cells in rosettes R1 and TTF-1 cells were Nestin positive. Scale bar: 200 µm in A and D; 150 µm in B, C, E, and F.</p

The majority of TH positive neurons co-expressed specific midbrain dopaminergic neuron markers.

<p>(A-C) Characterization of R1-derived TH positive neurons in SAPNS. (A) Double immunostaining showed that R1-derived TH positive neurons were co-labeled with Nurrl; (B) Double immunostaining showed that R1-derived TH positive neurons were co-labeled with Dat; (C) The majority of R1-derived TH positive neurons co-expressed Nurr1 or Dat. (D-F) Characterization of TTF-1-derived TH positive neurons in SAPNS. (D) Double immunostaining showed that TTF-1-derived TH positive neurons were co-labeled with Nurrl; (E) Double immunostaining showed that TTF-1-derived TH positive neurons were co-labeled with Dat; (F) The majority of TTF-1-derived TH positive neurons co-expressed Nurr1 or Dat. Scale bar: 100 µm.</p

Dopaminergic differentiation of R1 cells was significantly improved in SAPNS-3D culture.

<p>(A) Immunocytochemistry for TH and Tuj1 revealed the dopaminergic differentiation of R1 in Laminin-2D culture. (B) Immunocytochemistry for TH and Tuj1 revealed the dopaminergic differentiation of R1 in Matrigel-3D culture. (C) Immunocytochemistry for TH and Tuj1 revealed the dopaminergic differentiation of R1 in SAPNS-3D culture. (D) The percentage of TH-positive cells of total Tuj1-positive cells was 41.5% ± 3.4% in SAPNS-3D culture, which was significantly higher than 8.3% ± 1.4% in the laminin-2D culture and 7.9% ± 1.6% in Matrigel-3D culture. *P<0.001. Scale bar: 150 µm.</p

Clinical outcome and predictive factors of postoperative myasthenic crisis in 173 thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients

<p><b>Purpose:</b> Thymectomy is the first-line therapy for thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients. The aim of this study is to explore the clinical outcome and predictors of postoperative myasthenic crisis (POMC) in these patients.</p> <p><b>Method:</b> Clinical data of 173 thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients undergoing thymectomy from January 2000 to March 2013 were, retrospectively reviewed. Variables potentially affecting the occurrence of POMC were evaluated using binary logistic regression analysis. The difference in survival was determined by the log-rank test.</p> <p><b>Result:</b> Fifty-one patients experienced POMC. Univariate analysis revealed that events significantly associated with increased risk of POMC include symptom duration before operation >2.75months, preoperative bulbar symptoms, incomplete resection, operation time ≥122.5 min and advanced stages (stage III or IV). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative bulbar symptoms (OR = 3.207 [1.413–7.278]; <i>P</i> = 0.005) and incomplete resection (OR = 4.182 [1.332–13.135]; <i>P</i> = 0.014) were independent risk factors for POMC. Twenty-eight patients (16.9%) died during the follow-up. The log-rank test revealed survival for patients with POMC was significantly worse than that for patients without POMC (<i>P</i> = 0.042).</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> The important risk factors for developing POMC in thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients include the preoperative bulbar symptoms and incomplete resection of thymoma. Moreover, the patients with POMC had a worse prognosis compared with patients without POMC. Our study highlights the need of appropriate preoperative management of thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients to prevent the occurrence of POMC.</p