Energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE) and energy balance (EB) in response to sedentary (SED), low-intensity (LIE) or high-intensity (HIE) exercise sessions in obese adolescents (n = 15).

<p>Measurements were performed over 24 hours, beginning at 08:00am.</p><p>Data expressed as mean ± standard deviations. Significantly different from SED and LIE:</p><p>*p<0.05;</p><p>**p<0.01.</p

Subjective satiety feeling (Visual Analogue Scale of 100 mm) throughout the experimental sessions (SED: Sedentary; LIE: Low-Intensity Exercise; HIE: High-Intensity Exercise).

<p>BF1: calibrated breakfast on day 1; BF2: <i>ad libitum</i> breakfast on day 2.</p

Energy consumption (KJ) distribution between meals for each experimental session (SED: sedentary; LIE: Low-Intensity Exercise; HIE: High-Intensity exercise).

<p>Breakfast on day 1 (BF1) was calibrated; lunch, dinner and BF2 (breakfast on day 2) were offered <i>ad libitum</i> (adlib). *p<0.05; **p<0.01.</p

Anthropometric characteristics of the adolescents (n = 15).

<p>Data expressed as mean ± standard deviations; BMI: Body Mass Index; WC: Waist Circumference.</p

Weight gain and food intake of F1 mice subjected to HFD.

<p>Five-mo-old F1-CD and F1-LPD male mice were fed for 7 months with either a Chow diet or a HFD. A) Body weight variation was determined at the end of the diet challenge as a percentage of the initial body weight and is expressed as a mean ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. *p≤0.05. B) Food intake of 12-mo-old Chow or HFD-fed F1-CD and F1-LPD male mice was measured as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104896#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Values represent the weight of food consumed daily (kCal) relatively to the weight of each mouse and are expressed as means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. *p≤0.05.</p

mRNA expression levels, Mitochondrial DNA content, Complex I, II and III activities, COX-IV protein content, Cytochrome C Oxidase and Citrate Synthase Activities and mRNA expression levels of Myosin Heavy Chain types in Gastrocnemius of F1 mice.

<p>A) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding proteins involved in the mitochondrial function in Gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. mRNA relative levels are normalized relatively to HPRT1 expression level and expressed as fold change relative to the control value measured in F1-CD. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. *p≤0.05. B) Mitochondrial density is estimated by measuring the mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) content relatively to the nuclear DNA (nuclDNA) content in Gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. mtDNA/nuclDNA ratio was calculated as the ratio of COX1 to cyclophilin A DNA levels, determined by real-time PCR, in DNA extracted from gastrocnemius of 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. Results were normalized by the mean value of the control condition set to 1 unit. *p≤0.05. C) Complex I, II and III and Citrate Synthase (CS) activities are measured in gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice and expressed as a percentage of the Cplx/CS ratio of F1-CD mice. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. D) Left panel: Cytochrome C Oxidase Sub-Unit IV (COX-IV) protein level was assessed by western blotting in gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. Histograms shown represent a densitometrical quantification after Porin normalization. Values are means ± sem for at least 4 mice/group. *p≤0.05. Right panel: Cytochrome C Oxidase (COX) and Citrate Synthase (CS) activities are measured in gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice and expressed as a percentage of the COX/CS ratio of F1-CD mice. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. *p≤0.05. E) mRNA expression levels of the 4 different types of Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC-I, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-IIx) in Gastrocnemius from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. mRNA relative levels are normalized relatively to HPRT1 expression level and expressed as fold change relative to the control value measured in F1-CD. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. *p≤0.05.</p

Phenotypic characterization of F1 mice.

<p>A) Body weight of 7-mo-old F1-CD and F1-LPD male mice. Results are expressed in grams as means ± sem for at least 10 mice/group. *p≤0.05. B) Body composition parameters of 7-mo-old F1-CD and F1-LPD male mice. Adiposity is expressed as a percentage of fat relative to total body weight. Lean mass is expressed in grams. Brown Adipose Tissue weight is expressed as weight in mg relatively to the weight of each mouse. All values are means ± sem for at least 10 mice/group. *p≤0.05. C) Food intake of 7-mo-old male F1-CD and F1-LPD mice was measured as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104896#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Values represent the weight of food consumed daily relatively to the total body weight (BW) or to the Lean Body Mass (LBM) of each mouse and are expressed as means ± sem for at least 10 mice/group. *p≤0.05.</p

Calorimetric parameters of F1 mice.

<p>A) Minimum Energy Expenditure, Daily Energy Expenditure and Respiratory Quotient (RQ) of 7-mo-old male F1-CD and F1-LPD mice were measured by indirect calorimetry as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0104896#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>. Energy Expenditure is expressed as kJ per day relatively to the total body weight (BW) or to the Lean Body Mass (LBM) of each mouse. Values are the mean ± sem for 6 mice/group. *p≤0.05. B) Body temperature (°C) of 7-mo-old male F1-CD and F1-LPD mice were measured using a rectal thermoprobe. Values are expressed as the mean temperature ± sem for at least 10 mice/group. *p≤0.05. C) Spontaneous locomotor activity of 7-mo-old male F1-CD and F1-LPD mice were measured in the home cage using infrared light-beam. Values are expressed as the mean distance (10⁺⁰³ cm) ± sem for 6 mice/group. *p≤0.05.</p

Physiological parameters.

<p>Plasma metabolites and hormones parameters of 7-mo-old male F1-CD and F1-LPD mice were measured in plasma of over-night starved animals and are expressed as means ± sem for n = 10 (Glucose) or n = 25 (Insulin, TG, Cholesterol, Cholesterol-HDL).</p

mRNA expression levels in Brown and White Adipose Tissue, Cytochrome C Oxidase and Citrate Synthase Activities and Mitochondrial DNA content in White Adipose Tissue of F1 mice.

<p>A, B) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding proteins involved in the mitochondrial function in (A) Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) and (B) White Adipose Tissue (WAT) from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. mRNA relative levels are normalized relatively to Nono expression level and expressed as fold change relative to the control value measured in F1-CD. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. **p≤0.05, *p≤0.08. C) Cytochrome C Oxidase (COX  =  Complex IV) and Citrate Synthase (CS) activities are measured in WAT from 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice and expressed as a percentage of the COX/CS ratio of F1-CD mice. Values are means ± sem for at least 8 mice/group. D) Mitochondrial density is estimated by measuring the mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) content relatively to the nuclear DNA (nuclDNA) content in White Adipose Tissue. mtDNA/nuclDNA ratio was calculated as the ratio of COX1 to cyclophilin A DNA levels, determined by real-time PCR, in DNA extracted from White Adipose Tissue of 7-months-old F1-CD and F1-LPD males mice. Results were normalized by the mean value of the control condition set to 1 unit. *p≤0.05.</p