Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>) phenology under present (ctrl) and future climate (scen) at ten Swiss study sites (cf. Table 1) as length (in days) of the specific stages (<i>n</i> = 100; mean±se).

<p>For larval emergence length the difference between ctrl. and scen in days is given in parenthesis.</p

Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>) phenology under present (ctrl) and future climate (scen) at ten Swiss study sites (cf. Table 1) as relative proportion of the population at the peak relative phenology of the specific stages (<i>n</i> = 100; mean±se).

<p>Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>) phenology under present (ctrl) and future climate (scen) at ten Swiss study sites (cf. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035723#pone-0035723-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>) as relative proportion of the population at the peak relative phenology of the specific stages (<i>n</i> = 100; mean±se).</p

Geographic and climatic description (1980–2009) of the ten Swiss study sites (www.meteoswiss.admin.ch).

<p>Median climate change signals (2045–2074 vs. 1980–2009) of mean temperature (Δ<i>T</i>_mean) were provided for the spring (MAM) as well for the summer (JJA) season (Hirschi <i>et al.</i> 2011). According to Fischer <i>et al.</i> (2011) three Swiss domains were defined for the aggregated climate change signals: northeastern (CH-NE), western (CH-W) and southern (CH-S) Switzerland.</p

Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>) phenology under present (ctrl) and future climate (scen) at ten Swiss study sites (cf. Table 1) with day of year (DOY) of oviposition and larval emergence start (>1%) (<i>n</i> = 100; mean±se).

<p>45% peak larval emergence and difference between ctrl and scen for peak larval emergence in DOY is given in parenthesis.</p

Sensitivity of Codling Moth phenology to photoperiodic diapause induction.

<p>Risk of second generation adult flight start and third generation larval emergence start. Diapause induction was changed from the present day of year (DOY 211, End of July) to DOY 246 (Beginning of September).</p

Codling Moth adult flight start under present and future climate conditions.

<p>Codling Moth day of year (DOY) of first generation (A) and second generation (B) adult flight start (>1%) under present (ctrl) and future (scen) climate conditions at ten Swiss study sites (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035723#pone-0035723-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p

Codling Moth (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>) phenology under present and future climate conditions.

<p>Magnitude of the second Codling Moth generation (A) and the risk of a third generation (B) under present (ctrl) and future (scen) climate conditions at ten Swiss study sites (cf. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035723#pone-0035723-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). The magnitude of a second generation was measured as the probability of a 45% second generation larval emergence. The risk of a third generation was presented as the probability of a second generation adult flight start (>1%). Adult flight, oviposition and larval emergence are separated for first, second and third generations.</p

The HEAT-SHIELD project – perspectives from an inter-sectoral approach to occupational heat stress

Occupational heat stress (OH-Stress) is a major societal challenge associated with climate change, as intensified thermal stress directly impacts worker-health and reduces productivity in key industries, causing serious socioeconomic ramifications. This paper was invited to provide perspectives from the HEAT-SHIELD project: a multi-national, inter-sectoral, and cross-disciplinary initiative, incorporating twenty European research institutions, as well as occupational health and industrial partners, dedicated to reducing health and productivity impairments associated with working in a warming world (see www.heat-shield.eu for further information). This invited review will primarily focus on the methodological advancements we developed allowing climate forecast models to incorporate humidity, wind and solar radiation to the traditional temperature-based climate projections, providing the basis for timely, policy-relevant, industry-specific and individualized information. Further, we provide an overview of the industry-specific guidelines we developed regarding technical and biophysical cooling solutions considering effectiveness, cost and the practical implementation potential in outdoor and indoor settings, in addition to field-testing of selected solutions with time-motion analyses and bio-physical evaluations. All recommendations were adjusted following feedback from workshops with employers, employees and adjacent stakeholders such as local or national health policy makers. The cross-scientific approach was also used for providing policy-relevant information based on socio-economic analyses and identification of vulnerable regions considered to be more relevant for political actions than average continental calculations. From the HEAT-SHIELD experiences developed within European settings, we discuss how this inter-sectoral approach may be adopted or translated into actionable knowledge across continents where workers and societies are affected by escalating environmental temperatures