MOESM1 of Genetic evidence for a novel competence inhibitor in the industrially important Bacillus licheniformis

Additional file 1: Table S1. Oligonucleotides used in this study. Table S2. GeneBank accession numbers

Accuracy patterns over time according to sleep pressure condition and genotype, separately for 3-back (upper panels) and 0-back (lower panels).

<p>Accuracy was calculated by a difference ratio (hit targets – false alarms). Grey rectangles indicate scheduled nap sleep episodes. In the 3-back task, accuracy improved from the first to the last test in the nap condition (NP, [A], F[9,183] = 11.66, <i>p</i><0.0001; post hoc <i>p</i><0.0001<i>)</i>, while the first and the last test did not significantly differ during sleep deprivation (SD, [B], F[9,184] = 8.84, <i>p</i><0.0001, post hoc p>0.1). When working memory load was set to a minimum in the 0-back task (lower panels), accuracy remained stable from the first to the last test in the nap condition ([C], F[9,183] = 3.65, <i>p</i> = 0.0003; post hoc <i>p</i>>0.1), but decreased significantly during sleep deprivation ([D], F[9,183] = 3.65, <i>p</i> = 0.0003; post hoc <i>p</i> = 0.01). G/A-allele carriers performed constantly at a higher level in the 0-back version compared to G/G-allele carriers ([C], F<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113734#pone.0113734-Dijk1" target="_blank">[1]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113734#pone.0113734-Jaeggi1" target="_blank">[21]</a> = 8.17, <i>p</i> = 0.009), indicating differences in basic attentional resources between genotypes during the nap condition.</p

Relative EEG power density per genotype.

<p>Relative EEG power density is depicted as deviation from mean over time (i.e., over all naps) per genotype. Blue colours mirror relative decreases in EEG power density compared to the mean over time; green, yellow and red colours indicate relative increases of EEG power density compared to the mean over time. During the early morning hours (i.e., during the nap scheduled to 5:20–6:00 a.m.), highlighted by black boxes, G/A-allele carriers showed a relative decrease specifically in the range of 8–16 Hz (A), which was not present in G/G-allele carriers (B).</p

Sleep and wakefulness along the circadian cycle according to genotype.

<p>(A) Sleep efficiency was calculated by (sum of stage 1, 2, SWS and REM sleep)/(nap duration)*100. Sleep efficiency of G/A-allele carriers (black squares) and G/G-allele carriers (white squares) displayed a similar circadian pattern with low values in the late evening hours and high values during the biological night. (B) In the late evening hours, during highest circadian wake drive, the duration of wakefulness, stage 1 and total sleep time (TST) was modulated by genotype, while (C) genotypes did not differ in these variables during highest circadian sleep promotion (early morning). * <i>p</i><0.05; **<i>p</i><0.01.</p

Effects of genotype, time and derivation on delta, alpha, and sigma power.

<p>Notes. Delta range: 0.5–5 Hz; alpha range: 8–12 Hz; sigma range: 12–16 Hz. F-values, degrees of freedom and <i>p</i>-values are derived from a ProcMixed ANOVA. Significant effects are printed in bold.</p><p>Effects of genotype, time and derivation on delta, alpha, and sigma power.</p

Demographic data and questionnaire scores (<i>M</i> and <i>SD</i>) split by genotype.

<p>Notes. F =  female; m =  male; y =  years; BMI =  Body Mass Index, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ESS =  Epworth Sleepiness Scale, MEQ =  Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, MCTQ =  Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, MSF sc =  Mid sleep free days sleep corrected, MSF sac =  Mid sleep free days sleep and age corrected. <i>P</i>-values were derived from χ2-(gender ratio) and t-tests (all other variables).</p><p>Demographic data and questionnaire scores (<i>M</i> and <i>SD</i>) split by genotype.</p

Association between REM sleep duration in the early morning and performance changes per genotype.

<p>(A) A strong circadian modulation in the proportion of REM sleep per nap was visible in both genotype groups (effect of time F[9,844] = 18.38, p<0.001; effect of genotype F[1,22.3] = 3.45, p = 0.08; interaction time × genotype F[9,844] = 0.96, p = 0.46) with a peak duration in the morning hours. The grey rectangle indicates the nap in the early morning (midpoint of nap: 5:40 a.m.), in which REM sleep duration was positively related to improvements in WM accuracy. (B) Performance changes are expressed as difference ratio (after nap sleep – before) in WM accuracy (3-back – 0-back). Overall, REM sleep duration in the early morning hours (5:20–6:00 a.m.) is positively related to improvements in WM accuracy (p = 0.02). The strength of this relation depends on genotype (p = 0.008) and is more pronounced in G/A-allele carriers (black solid line) compared to G/G-allele carriers (white dotted line).</p

Schematic illustration of the laboratory part of the study.

<p>Following a 8-h baseline night, ten short sleep-wake cycles were scheduled over 40 h, each consisting of 160 min of wakefulness (white) under dim-light (<8 lux) and a 80-minutes nap (black bars, 0 lux). N-Back performance was assessed every 4 h (triangles) together with subjective effort, starting 1 h after waking up from the baseline night.</p

Time course of mean SWA spectral power values expressed in µV² [by 0.5 Hz bin] over the first 4 NREM-REM sleep cycles (Stage 2–4), averaged over the two experimental nights for morning (red) and evening (blue) type participants.

<p>Time course of mean SWA spectral power values expressed in µV² [by 0.5 Hz bin] over the first 4 NREM-REM sleep cycles (Stage 2–4), averaged over the two experimental nights for morning (red) and evening (blue) type participants.</p

Regression analysis showing the relation between BOLD responses during cognitive interference (I > C; centered values) in the posterior hypothalamic region (sagittal, coronal and axial planes) and the amount of SWA (centered values) during the first sleep cycle according to the specific chronotype.

<p>Regression analysis showing the relation between BOLD responses during cognitive interference (I > C; centered values) in the posterior hypothalamic region (sagittal, coronal and axial planes) and the amount of SWA (centered values) during the first sleep cycle according to the specific chronotype.</p