Information on Wamba bonobo focal individuals (name, sex, age), community (grp.), name of mother, total observation time per individual, object manipulation rates and mean bout length.

<p>Information on Wamba bonobo focal individuals (name, sex, age), community (grp.), name of mother, total observation time per individual, object manipulation rates and mean bout length.</p

Object manipulation rates in immature chimpanzees and bonobos aged <3 yrs and >3 yrs old.

<p>Mean object manipulation rates in bouts/hr (SD) for immature bonobos (left) and chimpanzees (right) in two age classes (<3 yrs old = grey, >3 yrs old = white). * Independent Samples T-test: <i>P</i> < 0.05</p

Proportion of object manipulation bouts across manipulation types in immature chimpanzees and bonobos.

<p>Object manipulation bouts (%) across object manipulation types for immature bonobos (A) and chimpanzees (B); male and female bonobos (C, D) and chimpanzees (E, F); young (<3 yrs) and old (>3 yrs) immature bonobos (G, H) and chimpanzees (I, J).</p

a) Predictions of the ‘preparation for tool use’ hypothesis <i>sensu lato</i> (F = female, M = male, Young = <3 yrs, Old = >3 yrs), and b) results from this study (✓ = confirmed/significant, ✗ = not confirmed/non-significant).

<p>a) Predictions of the ‘preparation for tool use’ hypothesis <i>sensu lato</i> (F = female, M = male, Young = <3 yrs, Old = >3 yrs), and b) results from this study (✓ = confirmed/significant, ✗ = not confirmed/non-significant).</p

Object manipulation rates in immature male and female chimpanzees and bonobos.

<p>Mean object manipulation rates in bouts/hr (SD) for immature bonobos (left) and chimpanzees (right) according to sex (male = grey, female = white). * Independent Samples T-test: <i>P</i> < 0.05</p

MOESM1 of A comparative molecular survey of malaria prevalence among Eastern chimpanzee populations in Issa Valley (Tanzania) and Kalinzu (Uganda)

Additional file 1. Plasmodium partial cytochrome b gene sequences obtained from GenBank and this study

Cell-Permeable Stapled Peptides Based on HIV‑1 Integrase Inhibitors Derived from HIV‑1 Gene Products

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an enzyme which is indispensable for the stable infection of host cells because it catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the genome and thus is an attractive target for the development of anti-HIV agents. Earlier, we found Vpr-derived peptides with inhibitory activity against HIV-1 IN. These Vpr-derived peptides are originally located in an α-helical region of the parent Vpr protein. Addition of an octa-arginyl group to the inhibitory peptides caused significant inhibition against HIV replication associated with an increase in cell permeability but also relatively high cytotoxicity. In the current study, stapled peptides, a new class of stabilized α-helical peptidomimetics were adopted to enhance the cell permeability of the above lead peptides. A series of stapled peptides, which have a hydrocarbon link formed by a ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis reaction between successive turns of α-helix, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activity. In cell-based assays some of the stapled peptides showed potent anti-HIV activity comparable with that of the original octa-arginine-containing peptide (<b>2</b>) but with lower cytotoxicity. Fluorescent imaging experiments revealed that these stapled peptides are significantly cell permeable, and CD analysis showed they form α-helical structures, whereas the unstapled congeners form β-sheet structures. The application of this stapling strategy to Vpr-derived IN inhibitory peptides led to a remarkable increase in their potency in cells and a significant reduction of their cytotoxicity

Proportion of protected areas with conservation activities between 1990 and 1999 across different African regions.

<p>The number of protected areas with available information on presence and absence of any conservation activity (research, tourism and law enforcement guards) over the considered period were in total 105.</p

Regional distribution of the protected areas (PAs) in tropical Africa considered in the analyses.

<p>The regions are coloured in different grey scale colours. Light grey represents West Africa, including 54 protected areas; medium grey represents Central Africa, including 31 protected areas; dark grey represents East Africa, including 14 protected areas. On the left-side bottom corner a MODIS NDVI image of Africa, with a red quadrant highlighting the tropical area considered in the study.</p

Threats impact levels to 98 tropical African protected areas at a continental and regional scale.

<p>Clockwise from top: Africa (a), Central Africa (b), East Africa (c) and West Africa (d).</p