Media 1: Third-harmonic generation microscopy reveals dental anatomy in ancient fossils

Originally published in Optics Letters on 01 April 2015 (ol-40-7-1354

Graphene-to-Substrate Energy Transfer through Out-of-Plane Longitudinal Acoustic Phonons

Practically, graphene is often deposited on substrates. Given the major substrate-induced modification of properties and considerable energy transfer at the interface, the graphene–substrate interaction has been widely discussed. However, the proposed mechanisms were restricted to the two-dimensional (2D) plane and interface, while the energy conduction in the third dimension is hardly considered. Herein, we disclose the transfer of energy perpendicular to the interface of the combined system of the 2D graphene and the 3D base. More precisely, our observation of the energy dissipation of optically excited graphene via emitting out-of-plane longitudinal acoustic phonon into the substrate is presented. By applying nanoultrasonic spectroscopy with a piezoelectric nanolayer embedded in the substrate, we found that under photoexcitation by a femtosecond laser pulse graphene can emit longitudinal coherent acoustic phonons (CAPs) with frequencies over 1 THz into the substrate. In addition, the waveform of the CAP pulse infers that the photocarriers and sudden lattice heating in graphene caused modification of graphene–substrate bond and consequently generated longitudinal acoustic phonons in the substrate. The direct observation of this unexplored graphene-to-substrate vertical energy transfer channel can bring new insights into the understanding of the energy dissipation and limited transport properties of supported graphene

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p>ybridization with staining revealed that randomized looping was observed in morphants (B-D). The expression of (F) and (H) appeared normal in morphants

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p> to severe (B) defects in axis formation. At 72 hpf, both and morphants displayed pericardial edema (F, G, I, J) and an unlooped, stretched heart (I, J)

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-8

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p> to severe (B) defects in axis formation. At 72 hpf, both and morphants displayed pericardial edema (F, G, I, J) and an unlooped, stretched heart (I, J)

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p> of either -(-MO) or -mRNA (-MO), was injected into one-celled stage embryos and the heart morphology was observed at the stage as indicated. The elongation of heart tube was normally developed at 24 hpf in the wild-type (A) and in the morphants (C); whereas the heart of morphant did not elongate to from a heart-tube (B). The wild-type (D) and morphant's heart (F) developed normally at 30 hpf, but the heart of morphant was still retardant development at 30 hpf (E), and even ceased at heart-cone stage at 36 hpf (F). Compared to the wild-type (G), however, the heart positioning was abnormally in the morphant at 36 hpf (I, J). Eventually, both and morphants displayed an unlooped and stretched heart (L, M). The heart morphology of embryos injected with the control MO was also observed at 72 hpf (N). a: atrium; v: ventricle

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p>d the left-predominant asymmetry persists through the stages of jogging (G). However, in morphants, the expression of becomes symmetrical at 20 hpf (B, D). In morphants, in which the heart fails to jog, is more evenly distributed in the heart region (H, I). The left-sided domain was greatly reduced in morphant hearts at 16 hpf (F). All are dorsal views. B, E are higher magnifications of A, D, respectively. Lines mark the midline. L, embryo left

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-7

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p>analyzed by western blot. The antibody used is indicated in the left of each blot. Anti-GSK3 antibody enables to recognize both GSK3α and GSK3β proteins; anti-α-tubulin antibody was used as a loading control. The protein levels of GSK3α and GSK3β were reduced greatly in the protein lysates extracted from the – and -MO-injected embryos, respectively

Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Glycogen synthase kinase 3α and 3β have distinct functions during cardiogenesis of zebrafish embryo"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/7/93</p><p>BMC Developmental Biology 2007;7():93-93.</p><p>Published online 3 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1988812.</p><p></p>phants. At 60–72 hpf,(A, B) and (C, D) expression was greatly up-regulated in morphants. Tg() embryos were injected with -MO and observed by two-photon fluorescence imaging of a live transgenic zebrafish heart at 100 hpf. The endocardial cells and blood are labeled yellow; the Hc-GFP-positive myocardial cells are labeled red. Valves are clearly observed in wild-type embryos (E; white arrows), but not in morphants (F). b, blood cells; V, ventricle; A, atrium

Media 1: Blu-ray disk lens as the objective of a miniaturized two-photon fluorescence microscope

Originally published in Optics Express on 16 December 2013 (oe-21-25-31604