869 research outputs found
A Short-term Intervention for Long-term Fairness in the Labor Market
The persistence of racial inequality in the U.S. labor market against a
general backdrop of formal equality of opportunity is a troubling phenomenon
that has significant ramifications on the design of hiring policies. In this
paper, we show that current group disparate outcomes may be immovable even when
hiring decisions are bound by an input-output notion of "individual fairness."
Instead, we construct a dynamic reputational model of the labor market that
illustrates the reinforcing nature of asymmetric outcomes resulting from
groups' divergent accesses to resources and as a result, investment choices. To
address these disparities, we adopt a dual labor market composed of a Temporary
Labor Market (TLM), in which firms' hiring strategies are constrained to ensure
statistical parity of workers granted entry into the pipeline, and a Permanent
Labor Market (PLM), in which firms hire top performers as desired. Individual
worker reputations produce externalities for their group; the corresponding
feedback loop raises the collective reputation of the initially disadvantaged
group via a TLM fairness intervention that need not be permanent. We show that
such a restriction on hiring practices induces an equilibrium that, under
particular market conditions, Pareto-dominates those arising from strategies
that statistically discriminate or employ a "group-blind" criterion. The
enduring nature of equilibria that are both inequitable and Pareto suboptimal
suggests that fairness interventions beyond procedural checks of hiring
decisions will be of critical importance in a world where machines play a
greater role in the employment process.Comment: 10 page
The effect of functional role on language choice in newspapers.
Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN049161 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
The 3-rainbow index of a graph
Let be a nontrivial connected graph with an edge-coloring , where adjacent edges may be
colored the same. A tree in is a if no two edges of
receive the same color. For a vertex subset , a tree that
connects in is called an -tree. The minimum number of colors that
are needed in an edge-coloring of such that there is a rainbow -tree for
each -subset of is called -rainbow index, denoted by
. In this paper, we first determine the graphs whose 3-rainbow index
equals 2, , , respectively. We also obtain the exact values of
for regular complete bipartite and multipartite graphs and wheel
graphs. Finally, we give a sharp upper bound for of 2-connected
graphs and 2-edge connected graphs, and graphs whose attains the
upper bound are characterized.Comment: 13 page
Exploring Corrective Feedback in Real-time Classrooms: Factors Mediating Teachers’ In-class Corrective Feedback Decisions
Abstract: Corrective feedback (CF) is the teacher’s response to the language learner’s erroneous or non-target-like output (Ellis, 2006; Li, 2010). Empirical evidence has shown that CF can effectively facilitate language acquisition. When it comes to real-time classrooms, the teacher is the sole decision maker of CF from moment to moment; however, CF is often investigated after it has been provided. This literature review outlines four contextual factors of instructors’ in-class CF decision making: student’s proficiency, curriculum design, student emotions, and teacher cognition. The paper closes with further considerations for research on CF that include classroom-to-classroom differences, teacher education programs, and student perceptions of CF.
- …