Weakly--exceptional quotient singularities

A singularity is said to be weakly--exceptional if it has a unique purely log terminal blow up. In dimension $2$, V. Shokurov proved that weakly--exceptional quotient singularities are exactly those of types $D_{n}$, $E_{6}$, $E_{7}$, $E_{8}$. This paper classifies the weakly--exceptional quotient singularities in dimensions $3$ and $4$

Цереброваскулярная болезнь: фармакологические свойства и эффективность дипиридамола как препарата с плейотропным механизмом действия

Main clinical-pharmacological effects of dipiridamol action are considered in the context of its use in case of cerebrovascular disease. The vasodilatating effect of the medicine, antioxidative effect and ability to improve tissue perfusion are accentuated. The results of experimental and clinical research work reflecting efficacy and safety of dipiridamol are introduced. Pleiotropic action mechanism of the medicament whicht makes it possible to have a complex influence at pathogenetic factors of cerebrovascular disease is noted.Рассмотрены основные клинико-фармакологические эффекты дипиридамола в контексте его применения при цереброваскулярной болезни. Сделан акцент на вазодилатирующем действии препарата, его способности улучшать перфузию тканей и антиоксидантном эффекте. Приведены результаты экспериментальных и клинических исследований, отражающих эффективность и безопасность дипиридамола. Отмечен плейотропный механизм действия препарата, позволяющий достичь комплексного воздействия на патогенетические факторы цереброваскулярной болезни

Цереброваскулярная болезнь: фармакологические свойства и эффективность дипиридамола как препарата с плейотропным механизмом действия

Main clinical-pharmacological effects of dipiridamol action are considered in the context of its use in case of cerebrovascular disease. The vasodilatating effect of the medicine, antioxidative effect and ability to improve tissue perfusion are accentuated. The results of experimental and clinical research work reflecting efficacy and safety of dipiridamol are introduced. Pleiotropic action mechanism of the medicament whicht makes it possible to have a complex influence at pathogenetic factors of cerebrovascular disease is noted.Рассмотрены основные клинико-фармакологические эффекты дипиридамола в контексте его применения при цереброваскулярной болезни. Сделан акцент на вазодилатирующем действии препарата, его способности улучшать перфузию тканей и антиоксидантном эффекте. Приведены результаты экспериментальных и клинических исследований, отражающих эффективность и безопасность дипиридамола. Отмечен плейотропный механизм действия препарата, позволяющий достичь комплексного воздействия на патогенетические факторы цереброваскулярной болезни

Could inhalational drugs be interchangeable?

Clinical efficacy of an inhalational drugs depends on proper inhalation technique and aerodynamic properties of aerosol including the respirable fraction. Investigations of systemic pharmacokinetics of inhalational drugs could not always estimate their pharmacological equivalence so as rela tionships between the inhaled dose, the systemic concentration and the topic activity of an inhalational drug are not fully investigated. Therefore, identical formulation and similar route of administration are not sufficient to estimate pharmacological interchangeability. Possibility to interchange inhalational agents has still been controversial. As such, equal efficacy and safety of inhalational drugs with the same active substance could be esti mated in real clinical practice according to results of postmarketing trials and pharmacological surveillance. Spontaneous messages are a tool for gathering information about unwanted reactions or drug inefficacy and possible risks of substitution of drugs within the same international nonpro prietary name. In summary, it is necessary to estimate pharmacological equivalence and interchangeability of inhalational drugs carefully. This approach could improve efficacy and safety of treatment of patients with asthma and COPD. © 2017 Medical Education. All rights reserved

DIFFERENTIAL UTILIZATION OF VASODILATORS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARDIAC-FAILURE

Vasodilators (captopril or nifedipine) were administered to 85 patients with stage IIA-IIB circulatory insufficiency. Of them 36 had dilated cardiomyopathy (DC), 30 ischemic heart disease (IHD), 19 suffered from essential hypertension (EH). Morphofunctionally, myocardial lesion was of a dilated type in 50 patients (36 DC, 10 IHD and 4 EH cases), of a hypertrophic type in 18 patients (4 IHD, 14 EH cases), of a mixed type in 17 IHD patients. The response to acute tests with 25 mg captopril and 20 mg nifedipine along with clinicohemodynamic results of 3-5-week course treatment with the drugs point to noticeable advantage of captopril in the dilated lesion (18 responders of 26 patients), while nifedipine in the hypertrophic type (10 responders of 10 patients). In mixed-type IHD patients both drugs displayed high efficacy

DIFFERENTIAL UTILIZATION OF VASODILATORS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARDIAC-FAILURE

Vasodilators (captopril or nifedipine) were administered to 85 patients with stage IIA-IIB circulatory insufficiency. Of them 36 had dilated cardiomyopathy (DC), 30 ischemic heart disease (IHD), 19 suffered from essential hypertension (EH). Morphofunctionally, myocardial lesion was of a dilated type in 50 patients (36 DC, 10 IHD and 4 EH cases), of a hypertrophic type in 18 patients (4 IHD, 14 EH cases), of a mixed type in 17 IHD patients. The response to acute tests with 25 mg captopril and 20 mg nifedipine along with clinicohemodynamic results of 3-5-week course treatment with the drugs point to noticeable advantage of captopril in the dilated lesion (18 responders of 26 patients), while nifedipine in the hypertrophic type (10 responders of 10 patients). In mixed-type IHD patients both drugs displayed high efficacy

Could inhalational drugs be interchangeable?

Clinical efficacy of an inhalational drugs depends on proper inhalation technique and aerodynamic properties of aerosol including the respirable fraction. Investigations of systemic pharmacokinetics of inhalational drugs could not always estimate their pharmacological equivalence so as rela tionships between the inhaled dose, the systemic concentration and the topic activity of an inhalational drug are not fully investigated. Therefore, identical formulation and similar route of administration are not sufficient to estimate pharmacological interchangeability. Possibility to interchange inhalational agents has still been controversial. As such, equal efficacy and safety of inhalational drugs with the same active substance could be esti mated in real clinical practice according to results of postmarketing trials and pharmacological surveillance. Spontaneous messages are a tool for gathering information about unwanted reactions or drug inefficacy and possible risks of substitution of drugs within the same international nonpro prietary name. In summary, it is necessary to estimate pharmacological equivalence and interchangeability of inhalational drugs carefully. This approach could improve efficacy and safety of treatment of patients with asthma and COPD. © 2017 Medical Education. All rights reserved

Терапия бронхиальной астмы у детей: ингаляционные глюкокортикостероиды vs антагонисты лейкотриеновых рецепторов (обзор литературы)

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood and more often manifests in early childhood. Despite the fact that to date, available findings about efficacy and safety of bronchial asthma pharmacotherapy in children are limited, available data allow us to recommend a step-wise approach in patients aged 5 years and younger, including administration of inhaled glucocorticosteroids and leukotriene receptor antagonists. In this article, authors discuss the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics properties of these classes of drugs onthe example of budesonide and montelukast, and compare the efficacy and safety of their use in pediatric practice.Бронхиальная астма является одним из наиболее часто встречающихся хронических заболеваний детского возраста и чаще манифестирует в раннем детстве. Несмотря на то что на сегодняшний день сведения об эффективности и безопасности фармакотерапии бронхиальной астмы у детей ограничены, имеющиеся данные позволяют рекомендовать у пациентов в возрасте 5 лет и младше поэтапный подход, подразумевающий в том числе назначение ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов и антагонистов лейкотриеновых рецепторов. В данной статье авторами на примере будесонида и монтелукаста рассмотрены особенности фармакодинамики и фармакокинетики данных групп лекарственных средств, а также проведено сравнение эффективности и безопасности их применения в педиатрической практике