A practical synthesis of 2,2-difluoro-3-amino-propanoic acid (α,α-difluoro-β-alanine)

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A practical synthesis of 2,2-difluoro-3-amino-propanoic acid (alpha,alpha-difluoro-beta-alanine)

Reformatsky reaction of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate with N,N-(dibenzyl)-1H-benzotriazolyl-1-methylamine gave fully protected alpha,alpha-difluoro-beta-alanine. Hydrogenolysis and hydrolysis furnished alpha,alpha-difluoro-beta-alanine. Further transformation into N-phthalimido-alpha,alpha-difluoro-beta-alanine was described. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Synthesis of N-Protected 3,3-Difluoroazetidin-2-ones

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Design, synthesis and immunogenic properties of a novel class of peptidomimetics

Poste

The analysis of the skeletal muscle metabolism is crucial for designing optimal exercise paradigms in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that commonly results from a high-calorie diet and sedentary lifestyle, leading to insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis perturbation. Physical activity is recommended as one first-line treatment in T2DM, but it leads to contrasted results. We hypothesized that, instead of applying standard exercise protocols, the prescription of personalized exercise programs specifically designed to reverse the potential metabolic alterations in skeletal muscle could result in better results. Methods To test this hypothesis, we drew the metabolic signature of the fast-twitch quadriceps muscle, based on a combined unbiased NMR spectroscopy and RT-qPCR study, in several T2DM mouse models of different genetic background (129S1/SvImJ, C57Bl/6J), sex and aetiology (high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD/Streptozotocin (STZ) induction or transgenic MKR (FVB-Tg Ckm-IGF1R*K1003R)1Dlr/J) mice. Three selected mouse models with unique muscular metabolic signatures were submitted to three different swimming-based programs, designed to address each metabolic specificity. Results We found that depending on the genetic background, the sex, and the mode of T2DM induction, specific muscular adaptations occurred, including depressed glycolysis associated with elevated PDK4 expression, shift to β-oxidation, or deregulation of amino-acid homeostasis. Interestingly, dedicated swimming-based exercises designed to restore specific metabolic alterations in muscle were found optimal in improving systemic T2DM hallmarks, including a significant reduction in insulin resistance, the improvement of glucose homeostasis, and a delay in sensorimotor function alterations. Conclusion The muscle metabolism constitutes an important clue for the design of precision exercises with potential clinical implications for T2DM patients