Montmorillonite K-10 Supported 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric Acid (H4PMo11V1O40/K-10) Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Under Solvent-free Condition

A series of 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid supported on montmorillonite K-10 catalysts were prepared and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, XRD, BET and SEM analysis techniques. Characterization data reveals the chemical immobilization of H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst on the montmorillonite K-10 support. The catalytic performance of synthesized catalysts was investigated for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives by one-pot three-component reaction of phthalhydrazide, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. Among different catalysts, 20% H4PMo11V1O40 supported on to montmorillonite K-10 showed the highest catalytic activity. Effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature and the nature of substituents on the aromatic ring of aldehydes were also evaluated. The protocol developed using H4PMo11V1O40/K-10 has several distinct advantages such as operational simplicity, short reaction time, high yield, reusable catalyst and preclusion of toxic solvent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i4.87

A Simple and Green Protocol for the Synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using 11-Molybdo-1-vanado phosphoric Acid as a Catalyst Under Ultrasound Irradiation

A one-pot three-component reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, aldehydes and urea has efficiently been carried out in the presence of 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid in ethanol at room temperature under ultrasound irradiation to form the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidin 2(1H)-ones in high yields. The 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid (H4PMo11V1O40) was prepared and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, TG-DTA analysis and XRD analysis techniques. The presence of Keggin structure and incorporation of vanadium into the Keggin structure of synthesized H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst was confirmed by FT-IR and powder XRD analysis techniques. TG-DTA analysis results indicated that H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst was thermally stable up to the temperature 434 °C. The present catalytic system is recyclable and can be reused without greater loss of reactivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v11i5.1423   </p

Envirocat EPZG Mediated Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrano[c]chromene Derivatives Under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent-free Conditions

A Envirocat EPZG mediated method is developed for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives under microwave irradiation by three component cyclocondensation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, malononitrile and aromatic aldehydes. The process has been carried out under solvent-free conditions in the presence of very small amount of Envirocat EPZG. Use of ecofriendly readily available catalyst and green reaction media makes this methodology simple, safe, and cost effective. Mild reaction conditions, easy workup procedure, excellent yields and short reaction times are some remarkable features of this work. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v13i1.1517 </p

Contribution of a large-scale HIV prevention program on condom use by long-distance truck drivers in India: A decomposition analysis

Background: This paper examines the impact of the HIV prevention programme among long-distance truck drivers in promoting consistent condom use with paid female partners in India. Methods: The study utilizes data from two rounds of the Integrated Biological and Behavioural Assess met along National Highways (IBBS-NH), 2007 and 2009–10. Using the time location cluster sampling approach, major transshipment locations covering the bulk of India’s transport volume along four route corridors were surveyed. Long-distance truck drivers were interviewed about their sexual behaviour, condom use practices, and exposure to HIV prevention interventions. Results: Consistent condom use with paid female partners was increased by 11% among long distance truck drivers from round 1 to round 2 (Total increase 11%). Truckers exposed to intensive program exposure were two times more likely to use condom consistently with paid partners (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4-3.1; p-value \u3c 0.0001). Out of a total increase in consistent condom use with paid partners, truckers who were exposed to the program contributed 58%. Conclusions: This study results highlight the ability of intensive programs to reach truckers who have sex outside marriage with HIV prevention interventions and promote safe sex practices among them

Montmorillonite K-10 Supported 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric Acid (H4PMo11V1O40/K-10) Catalysts for Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-triones Under Solvent-free Condition

A series of 11-molybdo-1-vanadophosphoric acid supported on montmorillonite K-10 catalysts were prepared and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, XRD, BET and SEM analysis techniques. Characterization data reveals the chemical immobilization of H4PMo11V1O40 catalyst on the montmorillonite K-10 support. The catalytic performance of synthesized catalysts was investigated for the synthesis of 2H-indazolo[2,1-b]phthalazine-1,6,11(13H)-trione derivatives by one-pot three-component reaction of phthalhydrazide, dimedone and aromatic aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. Among different catalysts, 20% H4PMo11V1O40 supported on to montmorillonite K-10 showed the highest catalytic activity. Effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst loading, temperature and the nature of substituents on the aromatic ring of aldehydes were also evaluated. The protocol developed using H4PMo11V1O40/K-10 has several distinct advantages such as operational simplicity, short reaction time, high yield, reusable catalyst and preclusion of toxic solvent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v9i4.873 </p

Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Survival of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive Adult Patients in Andhra Pradesh, India: A Retrospective Cohort Study, 2007-2013

Objectives The survival outcomes of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs have not been systematically evaluated at the state level in India. This retrospective study assessed the survival rates and factors associated with survival among adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods The present study used data from 139 679 HIV patients aged ≥15 years on ART who were registered from 2007 to 2011 and were followed up through December 2013. The primary end point was death of the patient. Mortality densities (per 1000 person-years) were calculated. Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression models were used to estimate survival and explore the factors associated with survival. Results The overall median follow-up time was 16.0 months (2.0 months for the deceased and 14.0 months for those lost to follow-up). Approximately 13.2% of those newly initiated on ART died during follow-up. Of those deaths, 56% occurred in the first three months. The crude mortality rate was 80.9 per 1000 person-years at risk. The CD4 count (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR],4.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.36 to 5.46 for 350 cells/mm3), functional status (aHR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.82 to 3.30 for bedridden vs. normal), and body weight (aHR, 3.69; 95% CI, 3.42 to 3.97 for 60 kg) were strongly associated with the survival of HIV patients. Conclusions The study findings revealed that high mortality was observed within the first three months of ART initiation. Patients with poor baseline clinical characteristics had a higher risk of mortality. Expanded testing and counseling should be encouraged, with the goal of ensuring early enrollment into the program followed by the initiation of ART in HIV-infected patients

Predictors of bisexual behaviour among MSM attending intervention sites may help in prevention interventions for this bridge to the heterosexual epidemic in India: data from HIV sentinel surveillance.

Indian cultural tradition demanding marriage, many MSM howsoever they self-identify are likely to be married or have sex with women. To consolidate India's HIV prevention gains, it is important to understand and address the interaction between the MSM and heterosexual epidemics in India and create specific interventions for bisexual MSM. The challenge is to identify and intervene this hard to reach population. Data from HIV Sentinel Surveillance 2011 among MSM in four Indian states were analyzed to assess predictors and prevalence of bisexual behaviour in MSM.Between March-May 2011, 4682 men (15-49 years) who had anal/oral sex with a male partner in the past month, attending intervention sites and consenting for an un-linked anonymous survey answered an 11- item questionnaire and provided blood for HIV test by finger stick at 19 designated surveillance sites.Of 4682 MSM tested overall, 5% were illiterate, 51% reported only receptive anal intercourse, 21% only penetrative and 28% both. 36% MSM had ever received money for sex. Overall 6.8% were HIV infected. 44% MSM were bisexual in the last six months. On multivariate analysis, 'being bisexual' was found to be independently associated with 'older age': 26-30 years [AOR = 3.1, 95% CI(2.7, 3.7)], >30 years [AOR = 6.5, 95% CI(5.5, 7.7)]; 'reporting penetrative behaviour alone' with other men [AOR = 5.8, 95% CI(4.8, 7.0), p<0.01] and 'reporting both penetrative and receptive behaviour' [AOR = 2.7, 95% CI(2.3, 3.1) p<0.01]. Those who both paid and received money for sex [AOR = 0.49, 95% CI (0.38, 0.62)] were significantly less likely to be bisexual.A substantial proportion of men receiving services from Targeted Intervention programs are bisexual and the easy opportunity for intervention in this setting should be capitalised upon. Focusing on older MSM, as well as MSM who show penetrative behaviour with other men, could help in reaching this population