An Effective Approach to Reduce the Penetration Potential of SARS-CoV-2 and other Viruses by Spike Protein: Surface Particle Electrostatic Charge Negotiation

The objective of this paper is to provide a mathematical model to construct a barrier that may be useful to prevent the penetration of different viruses (e.g. SARS-COV-2) as well as charged aerosols through the concept of electrostatic charge negotiation. (Fusion for the opposite types of charges and repulsion for the similar types of charges). Reviewing the works of different authors, regarding charges, surface charge densities (?), charge mobility (?) and electrostatic potentials of different aerosols under varied experimental conditions, a similar intensive study has also been carried out to investigate the electron donating and accepting (hole donating) properties of the spike proteins (S-proteins) of different RNA and DNA viruses, including SARS-COV-2. Based upon the above transport properties of electrons of different particles having different dimensions, a mathematical model has been established to find out the penetration potential of those particles under different electrostatic fields. An intensive study have been carried out to find out the generation of electrostatic charges due to the surface emission of electrons (SEE), when a conducting material like silk, nylon or wool makes a friction with the Gr IV elements like Germanium or Silicon, it creates an opposite layer of charges in the outer conducting surface and the inner semiconducting surface separated by a dielectric materials. This opposite charge barriers may be considered as Inversion layers (IL). The electrostatic charges accumulated in the layers between the Gr IV Ge is sufficient enough to either fuse or repel the charges of the spike proteins of the RNA, DNA viruses including COVID-19 (RNA virus) or the aerosols

Changing profile of GAD and IA-2 antibody positivity in Indian children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introduction. Published literature on type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients from India suggests that a substantial number of them are negative to GAD 65 and IA-2 an­tibodies. Antibody positivity rates have been linked to dietary and socio-economic factors and more recently, to changes in the enterobiome. Our anecdotal evidence indicated that antibody positivity rates among newly diagnosed T1DM children were rising. In this presen­tation we have formally collated our data on these antibodies, a first, we believe, in the Indian pediatric population. Material and methods. T1DM was diagnosed by stand­ard clinical criteria advocated by American Diabetes Association including in all patients, the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We used plasma blood glucose rather than A1C to diagnose the acute onset of type 1 diabetes in individuals with symptoms of hy­perglycemia. All patients with this diagnosis had GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) and IA-2 (insulinoma antigen 2) antibodies measured as a routine procedure from 2007. Data on patients between the ages of 1 and 16 years as on 31st August 2016 were collected for this study. The antibodies were measured by standard RIA kits from the same manufacturer and performed in the endocrinology laboratory of one of the institutions. Results. We included 694 T1DM cases from 2007 till 2016, out of which 296 were antibody positive. A total of 172 were GAD antibody positive, 62 were IA-2 anti­body positive and 90 exhibited dual antibody positivity (GAD positive + IA-2 positive). The chi-square test for trend analysis showed a significant rising trend for IA-2 antibody alone positive (p < 0.001, chi-square for trend = 17.437, df = 1) and either antibody positive percentages (p < 0.001, chi-square for trend = 22.71, df = 1), but not in the GAD antibody positivity (p = 0.059, chi-square for trend = 3.567, df = 1) and in dual antibody positive percentages (p = 0.486, chi-square for trend = 0.485, df = 1) over a period of 9 years i.e. from 2007 to 2016. Conclusion. Antibody positivity rates in recently di­agnosed T1DM children have changed fairly rapidly over the last nine years. This surge in autoimmunity may also be a significant contributing factor towards the recent increased incidence of T1DM in India

Effect of Yoga on Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to observe the efficacy of yoga on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Materials and methods: The present systematic reviewand meta-analysis were done following the PRISMA guidelines. Data were collected through specific keyword searches from eminent databases. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed, using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan software. Forest plots were used to illustrate the study findings and meta-analysis results. Results: A total of six studies were finally included in this systematic review, where 375 participants were allocatedto a yoga intervention with the control group, and the age range of participants was 15–75 years. In the yoga group compared to the control, there was a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) by 33.02 mg/dL, post-prandial blood glucose (PPBG) by 62.54 mg/dL, fasting insulin by 4.95 μIU/mL and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) by 2.81 in the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Regular yogic practice with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) have positive effects on insulin resistance compared to the control group (no regular exercise with OHA) in patients with type 2 diabetes

Novel Sp family-like transcription factors are present in adult insect cells and are involved in transcription from the polyhedrin gene initiator promoter

We earlier documented the involvement of a cellular factor, polyhedrin (polh) promoter-binding protein, in transcription from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polh gene promoter. Sequences upstream of the polh promoter were found to influence polh promoter-driven transcription. Analysis of one such region, which could partially compensate for the mutated polh promoter and also activate transcription from the wild-type promoter, revealed a sequence (AcSp) containing a CACCC motif and a loose GC box resembling the binding motifs of the transcription factor Sp1. AcSp and the consensus Sp1 sequence (cSp) specifically bound factor(s) in HeLa and Spodoptera frugiperda(Sƒ9) insect cell nuclear extracts to generate identical binding patterns, indicating the similar nature of the factor(s) interacting with these sequences. The AcSp and cSp oligonucleotides enhanced in vivo expression of a polh promoter-driven luciferase gene. In vivo mopping of these factor(s) significantly reduced transcription from the polh promoter. Recombinant viruses carrying deletions in the upstream AcSp sequence confirmed the requirement of these factor(s) in polh promoter-driven transcription in the viral context. We demonstrate for the first time DNA-protein interactions involving novel members of the Sp family of proteins in adult insect cells and their involvement in transcription from the polh promoter