Multitissue Molecular, Genomic, and Developmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis)

The Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster resulted in crude oil contamination along the Gulf coast in sensitive estuaries. Toxicity from exposure to crude oil can affect populations of fish that live or breed in oiled habitats as seen following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In an ongoing study of the effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil on fish, Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) were collected from an oiled site (Grande Terre, LA) and two reference locations (coastal MS and AL) and monitored for measures of exposure to crude oil. Killifish collected from Grande Terre had divergent gene expression in the liver and gill tissue coincident with the arrival of contaminating oil and up-regulation of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) protein in gill, liver, intestine, and head kidney for over one year following peak landfall of oil (August 2011) compared to fish collected from reference sites. Furthermore, laboratory exposures of Gulf killifish embryos to field-collected sediments from Grande Terre and Barataria Bay, LA, also resulted in increased CYP1A and developmental abnormalities when exposed to sediments collected from oiled sites compared to exposure to sediments collected from a reference site. These data are predictive of population-level impacts in fish exposed to sediments from oiled locations along the Gulf of Mexico coast

Multitissue Molecular, Genomic, and Developmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis)

The Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster resulted in crude oil contamination along the Gulf coast in sensitive estuaries. Toxicity from exposure to crude oil can affect populations of fish that live or breed in oiled habitats as seen following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In an ongoing study of the effects of Deepwater Horizon crude oil on fish, Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) were collected from an oiled site (Grande Terre, LA) and two reference locations (coastal MS and AL) and monitored for measures of exposure to crude oil. Killifish collected from Grande Terre had divergent gene expression in the liver and gill tissue coincident with the arrival of contaminating oil and up-regulation of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) protein in gill, liver, intestine, and head kidney for over one year following peak landfall of oil (August 2011) compared to fish collected from reference sites. Furthermore, laboratory exposures of Gulf killifish embryos to field-collected sediments from Grande Terre and Barataria Bay, LA, also resulted in increased CYP1A and developmental abnormalities when exposed to sediments collected from oiled sites compared to exposure to sediments collected from a reference site. These data are predictive of population-level impacts in fish exposed to sediments from oiled locations along the Gulf of Mexico coast

Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for endocrine and catecholamine parameters for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP), Georgia Aquarium (GA) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC, adjusted for age and sex, by site.

<p>Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for endocrine and catecholamine parameters for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP), Georgia Aquarium (GA) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC, adjusted for age and sex, by site.</p

Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for protein electrophoresis for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care Georgia Aquarium (GA) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC, adjusted for age and sex, by site.

<p>Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for protein electrophoresis for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care Georgia Aquarium (GA) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC, adjusted for age and sex, by site.</p

Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for hematological parameters for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP) and Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL) and Charleston (CHS)), adjusted for age and sex, by site.

<p>Nested general linear model, means, standard deviation (SD) for hematological parameters for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP) and Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL) and Charleston (CHS)), adjusted for age and sex, by site.</p

Demographic data for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP), Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC.).

<p>Demographic data for bottlenose dolphins from managed-care (Marine Mammal Program (MMP), Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC.).</p

Gene transcript levels of measured cytokines from managed-care (Navy, Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC), adjusted for age and sex, using a general linear model.

<p>Statistical differences between groups were found for the following five cytokines TNF, INFα, IL-4, IL-10, IRL2Rα (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176202#pone.0176202.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a> for statistical differences). Generally, higher transcript levels were found in wild dolphins versus one or both managed-care groups (note, the smaller the normalized value, the more a gene is transcribed, the larger the normalized value, the less a gene is transcribed).</p

Means and standard deviation of antibody titers to marine bacteria from managed-care (Navy, Georgia Aquarium (GA)) and wild populations (Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, Charleston (CHS), SC), adjusted for age and sex, using a general linear model.

<p>For all antibodies, significantly higher titers were found in wild dolphins compared to one or more of the managed dolphin groups (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0176202#pone.0176202.t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a> for statistical differences). No differences were observed between the two managed-care dolphin groups with their antibody titers to V. cholera and <i>M</i>. <i>marinarum</i> but differences occurred in the other three organisms (<i>E</i>. <i>rhusiopathiae</i>, <i>V</i>. <i>parahaemolyticus</i>, <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i>).</p