Determining the standard levels of some morphological and physiological requirements as an indicator for the selection of defenders in the Algerian football U19

This study aims to identify the most important morpho-functional measures and determinants through standards and tests and their relationship with the selection of football players under the age of 19 in the defensive position, so that coaches can realize the true value throughthis study and correct the previous mistakes based on observation and matches and their distance from the side for the selection of players whose results are certain and guaranteed. We first assumed that the level of morphological criteria of defensive players is characterized by an average level, on the other hand, that the level of physiological criteria is characterized by an average level, and for the purposes of investigation of the hypotheses, we have selected a sample composed of 90 defenders from different defensive positions representing 10 clubs active at the level of the Algerian first and second division (class under 19 years old) for football for the 2022/2023 sports season. They were chosen deliberately, and for this we used the descriptive approach, through which we collected data using the physical measurements necessary to determine morphological indicators (height, weight, mass index, musculoskeletal system and physiological tests, then statistical processing of the data). The research yielded the following results: The levels of defensive players (axial - right and left wingers) in measurement of height, weight, muscle mass index, shows the levels in favor of the good level and the average level compared to the physiological criteria. That is why we have recommended the use of physical measurements and physico- physiological tests during the selection and even in the orientation according to the play centers, in particular the lengths and the components of the body style and the preparation of training programs based on scientific bases and paying attention to young groups of young people at all levels

DEFINING THE MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS FOR THE SELECTION OF FOOTBALLERS ACCORDING TO THEIR PLAY LINES

This study aims at defining the morphological and functional indicators for the selection of footballers according to the three play lines (defence, midfield, attack) for the category of under 18 years old. We will work on finding the differences in these morpho-functional indicators and their relation with the play lines and their requirements. For this, we made the morphological measurements, namely : height, weight, fat-weight, muscle weight, bone weight, and the functional tests, namely : Luc Leger’ Test to measure the maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max), the retrieval capacity via Ruffier Dickson Test and Vitality Capacity Test V.C, for 10 first level clubs in the West of Algeria; as we selected 18 players from each team with the average of 6 players of each play line (180 players), making a rate of 32% of the original society as a sample. We also used the descriptive and statistical comparative methods among those indicators and each play line in order to know to what extent those morpho-functional variables cause differences among players according to their play lines, while defining those indicators as a reference to be adopted in the players selection process for this age category in order to support the selection process with observation. The results revealed clear differences in the morph-functional indicators among the target category of players according to the differences in their playing lines at the level of the height indicator, as the significance value of selection reached 0.015 which is less than the significance level of the null hypotheses, while we did not find significant differences between the other morphological indicators. Meanwhile, there was a difference in the functional indicator at the level of the retrieval capacity, as the significance value reached 0.011 which is less than the test significance level 0.05; there was no difference at the level the other significances. Thence, the researcher recommends the necessity of consolidating the selection process by the inclusion of observation through the use of some morphological measurements such as height, in addition to functional tests such as the retrieval capacity as important indicators in the players selection process according to the requirements of the play lines for this age category of players, in order to select the best talents that can be beneficial to Algerian football in the future

Development of some aerobic and anaerobic indicators in under-21 footballers using hypoxic training mask during the physical preparation period

This study aims to identify the effect of a training program using the hypoxic training mask on certain aerobic capacities (VMA, VO2max), on the effectiveness of the repetition rate (RSA), and on the explosive power of football players. The sample was deliberately selected and included 20 football players under the age of 21 from the Tiaret youth team, which plays in the second professional division. A total of 10 players were assigned to a control group and the other 10 players to an experimental group. The research used a series of physical tests that included VMA/VO2max intermittent yo-yo tests and RSA repetition rate efficiency tests, in addition to the explosive force tests using the MYOTEST device. The same training program was applied to the experimental and control groups, with the first one using the mask for 8 weeks. The study concluded that there are statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-measurement of the experimental and control groups in the measurement of aerobic and anaerobic capacities in favor of the experimental group, who wears the hypoxic mask. This underlines the importance of using modern technological means in the process of physical preparation and raising the level and efficiency of the players to reach the highest levels of achievement

Development of some aerobic and anaerobic indicators in under-21 footballers using hypoxic training mask during the physical preparation period

This study aims to identify the effect of a training program using the hypoxic training mask on certain aerobic capacities (VMA, VO2max), on the effectiveness of the repetition rate (RSA), and on the explosive power of football players. The sample was deliberately selected and included 20 football players under the age of 21 from the Tiaret youth team, which plays in the second professional division. A total of 10 players were assigned to a control group and the other 10 players to an experimental group. The research used a series of physical tests that included VMA/VO2max intermittent yo-yo tests and RSA repetition rate efficiency tests, in addition to the explosive force tests using the MYOTEST device. The same training program was applied to the experimental and control groups, with the first one using the mask for 8 weeks. The study concluded that there are statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-measurement of the experimental and control groups in the measurement of aerobic and anaerobic capacities in favor of the experimental group, who wears the hypoxic mask. This underlines the importance of using modern technological means in the process of physical preparation and raising the level and efficiency of the players to reach the highest levels of achievement