[Review of] David R. Weber (Ed.), Civil Disobedience in America, A Documentary History

Here is an important book which should be on the required reading list of all Americans. It is imperative reading for ethnic and minority group members. In this anthology, Mr. Weber gets to one of the fundamental issues in American society, liberty of conscience, and what the individual should do if civil authority clashes with conscience. The dualistic nature of justice in American society--one code for the whites, one for minorities; one for the rich, and one for the poor--makes this book as relevant to individual Americans today as it might have been at any point in American history

International Economic Sanctions: Improving the Haphazard U.S. Legal Regime

The United States has resorted increasingly to economic sanctions as a major tool in its foreign policy. Recent targets include Panama, South Africa, Nicaragua, Libya, the Soviet Union, Poland, and Iran. These sanctions encompass controls on government programs (such as foreign aid), US. exports, imports, private financial transactions, and assistance by international financial institutions. In this Article, Professor Carter demonstrates that the present US. legal regime governing the use of sanctions for foreign policy reasons is haphazard and in need of reform. Current US. laws provide the President with nearly unfettered authority to cut off government programs and exports, but very little nonemergency authority in other areas, such as the regulation of imports and private financial transactions. This imbalance either skews presidential decisionmaking toward the use of easily imposed sanctions that might not be in the best interests of the United States, or encourages presidential declarations of dubious national emergencies to invoke his sweeping emergency powers. Professor Carter proposes thoroughgoing but selective reform of the present legal regime. He recommends correcting the disparity in the President\u27s nonemergency authority by substantially increasing the President\u27s authority over imports and private financial transactions, while reducing the control over exports. He also proposes trimming the President\u27s ability to employ emergency powers for imposing economic sanctions

Looking for a Better Way: the Sanction Laws of Key U.S. Allies

When it comes to imposing economic sanctions for foreign policy purposes, the Chief Executives of the United Kingdom, West Germany, andJapan have broad authority to control their respective countries\u27 exports, imports, and private financial transactions. This authority differs from that of the U.S. President who, under present U.S. law, has wide discretion to cut off almost all exports, but has only limited control over imports and over foreign loans by private U.S. banks. This is in the absence of a declared national emergency, where the President has sweeping powers

Immunity For Foreign Officials: Possibly Too Much and Confusing As Well

In his thoughtful presentation, David Stewart observes from his daily experience that the law of international immunities is a rather complex body of rules. In analyzing immunity issues, one needs to take into account treaties, laws, and/or cases that include, among others, the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, diplomatic and consular immunity, the case law regarding head of state immunity, and international organization law. In addition, there is pending the new UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property. Mr. Stewart also posits a general conclusion that in recent decades the general trend has been to limit the scope of immunities granted to individuals. Although this might be true in many respects, it would seem that immunity for foreign government officials, other than diplomats, has expanded rather than contracted in recent years. The relevant law has also become more complex. I question whether this expansion and increased complexity are good developments, or instead ones that discourage appropriate accountability for these individuals

Twistable mold for helicopter blades

Design is described of mold for fabrication of blades composed of sets of aerodynamic shells having same airfoil section characteristics but different distributions. Mold consists of opposing stacks of thin templates held together by long bolts. When bolts are loosened, templates can be set at different positions with respect to each other and then locked in place

EDITOR\u27S CORNER

1980 - Explorations begins a new decade. Surprise! In terms of the longevity of professional and scholarly journals, and statistically, the journal should have folded. Instead, Explorations moves ahead with optimism and starts the new decade with a sense of pride and accomplishment. If Explorations survives until January, 1990, we will know that Ethnic Studies has survived

Women's business ownership : recent research and policy developments

This report aims to provide a current assessment of recent research investigating women's business ownership. The report builds on a previous review undertaken by the authors on behalf of the Small Business Service (Carter, Anderson and Shaw, 2001). The report also explores in broad terms the role and contribution of recent policy developments in changing the landscape of women's enterprise in the UK

IMPLICATIONS OF EMERGING BIOTECHNOLOGIES

Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Overview and Operation of U.S. Financial Sanctions, Including the Example of Iran

Financial sanctions are increasingly being used in the mix of international economic sanctions being employed by the United Nations, regional entities, and individual countries, including the United States. These financial sanctions have become more focused and effective as the tools and techniques have improved significantly for tracing and identifying the financial transactions of terrorists, weapons proliferators, human rights violators, drug cartels, and others. These sanctions can not only freeze financial assets and prohibit or limit financial transactions, but they also impede trade by making it difficult to pay for the export or import of goods and services. In spite of this growing impact of financial sanctions, these sanctions are not well understood outside of a small group of experts. This article provides an introduction to the mechanics and operation of U.S. financial sanctions, and it illustrates their use against Iran

A new boundary-layer interaction techniques for separated flows

A new viscous-inviscid interation procedure is presented which is applicable to separated flows. The new procedure is simple, converges rapidly, and does not require numerical smoothing and underrelaxation at least in the cases computer thus far. Calculations are presented for the low-speed separated flow in the juncture region between an axisymmetric body and ting. The viscous computation is done with an inverse boundary-layer procedure which was previously developed. The inviscid computation is made with an axisymmetric transonic code called RAXBOD. The main advantage of the new interaction procedure is that it combines an inverse boundary-layer technique, which is applicable to separated flows, with an existing inviscid analysis code with only a slight boundary condition change required in the inviscid code