Epidemiological, economic, and programmatic considerations for specific subpopulation risk groups.

<p>Epidemiological, economic, and programmatic considerations for specific subpopulation risk groups.</p

Epidemiological and economics characteristics of various age groups for considering norovirus vaccines¹^,².

<p>Epidemiological and economics characteristics of various age groups for considering norovirus vaccines<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001999#t001fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>^,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001999#t001fn002" target="_blank">²</a>.</p

Critical studies to be performed and questions to be answered to advance vaccine development.

<p>Critical studies to be performed and questions to be answered to advance vaccine development.</p

Summary of clinical information and contigs/singletons of eukaryotic viral families detected by metagenomic sequencing in faeces of dogs.

<p>Summary of clinical information and contigs/singletons of eukaryotic viral families detected by metagenomic sequencing in faeces of dogs.</p

Phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved region of amino acid sequence of the capsid region of astroviruses from various mammalian species.

<p>GenBank accession numbers are shown for all sequences analysed and the sequence determined in this study is noted with a black diamond. The tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method, based on the JTT matrix-based model with 1000 bootstrap replications. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are indicated at each branch. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6.</p

Summary of the bioinformatic pipelines after sequencing, showing results obtained in some steps.

<p>Summary of the bioinformatic pipelines after sequencing, showing results obtained in some steps.</p

Estimated impact of rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations and deaths from rotavirus diarrhea among children <5 in Asia

<p><b>Background</b>: Of the 215,000 global deaths from rotavirus estimated in 2013, 41% occur in Asian countries. However, despite a recommendation for global rotavirus vaccination since 2009, only eight countries in Asia have introduced the rotavirus vaccine into their national immunization program as of September 2017. To help policy makers assess the potential value of vaccination, we projected the reduction in rotavirus hospitalizations and deaths following a hypothetical national introduction of rotavirus vaccines in all countries in Asia using data on national-level rotavirus mortality, <5 population, rotavirus hospitalizations rates, routine vaccination coverage, and vaccine effectiveness.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: To quantify uncertainty, we generated 1,000 simulations of these inputs.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Our model predicted 710,000 fewer rotavirus hospitalizations, a 49% decrease from the 1,452,000 baseline hospitalizations and 35,000 fewer rotavirus deaths, a 40% decrease from the 88,000 baseline deaths if all 43 Asian countries had introduced rotavirus vaccine. Similar reductions were projected in subanalyses by vaccine introduction status, subregion, and birth cohort size.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b>: Rotavirus vaccines will substantially reduce morbidity and mortality due to rotavirus infections in Asia.</p

Inactivation curves of RV and SFV following exposure to γ-irradiation.

<p>SFV and RV samples were exposed to increased doses of γ-irradiation on dry-ice, and the reduction in virus titre was determined by (A) plaque forming assay for SFV, or (B) fluorescent focus assay for RV. All samples tested in triplicate and data presented as mean ± SEM.</p

The ability to detect very low FFU of live RV.

<p>Monolayers of MA104 cells were incubated for 24h with 0.2 to 2000 FFU live RV. Uninfected MA104 cells were used as a negative control. Culture supernatant was used to infect new MA104 monolayers, and previously infected monolayers were visualised by FFA. DAPI (blue) indicates cell nuclei and FITC (green) indicates RV infection. Stained monolayers were visualised using Nikon TiE inverted fluorescent microscope. Scale bar = 100μm. Images representative of 3 replicates per MOI for each passage.</p

Neutralising antibody responses induced by γ-RV.

<p>Mice were primed with live RV or γ-RV twice, 2 weeks apart. Serum samples harvested on Day 21 post-2^nd priming, and neutralising ability of immune serum determined by <i>in vitro</i> neutralisation assay. (A) FFU/well determined following incubation of MA104 cells with sera treated-RV at MOI 0.005. RV treated with serial dilutions of HI control or immune sera. PBS-treated RV used to indicate the baseline level of infection. Data presented as mean ± SEM (n = 2), and analysed by One-Way ANOVA (****, p < 0.0001 compared to naïve control sera for each dilution. #, p < 0.05, when directly comparing immune sera groups). (B) Representative fluorescence images of RV infection after treatment with live or γ-RV sera at 1:1280 dilution. DAPI channel (blue) indicates cell nuclei, and FITC channel (green) indicates RV infection. Scale bar = 100 μm.</p