16 research outputs found
Current sources of lead exposure and their relative contributions to the blood lead levels in the general adult population of Northern France: The IMEPOGE Study, 2008–2010
<p>There is justification for limiting lead (Pb) exposure as much as possible, given its impact on health at low concentrations. Consequently, the aim of this study was to measure blood lead levels (BLL) and examine exposure factors related to BLL variations in the general adult population of northern France, a current and past industrial area. Two thousand inhabitants of northern France, aged between 20 and 59 years, were recruited using the quota method with caution. Blood lead levels were quantified by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and variation factors were studied separately in men and women using multivariate stepwise linear and logistic regression models. The geometric mean of the BLL was 18.8 μg/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.3–19.3). Occupational factors affected BLL only in men and represented 14% of total explained variance of BLL. External occupational factors significantly increasing mean levels of BLL were tobacco, consumption of some beverages (wine, coffee, tea, and/or tap water), raw vegetables, housing characteristics (built prior to 1948, Pb piping in the home) and do-it-yourself or leisure activities (paint stripping or rifle shooting). Consumption habits accounted together for 25% and 18% of the total explained variance, respectively, in men and women. Industrial environment did not significantly contribute to BLL variations. Blood lead levels observed in the general population of this industrial part of France did not appear to be excessively elevated compared to values found internationally. Nonetheless, these BLL remain a public health issue in regard to nonthreshold toxicity attributed to Pb.</p
Q&As for the PMBOK guide sixth edition
<p>Contamination values (in ng) correspond to the sum of contamination measured before or after the cleaning/decontamination process.</p
Overall decontamination efficiency (Eff<sub>q</sub>) between control and intervention groups.
<p>Eff<sub>q</sub> (in %) is presented per drug as median [Q1; Q3]. P-values were obtained with a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test.</p
Distribution of compounded doses (in mg) and number of preparations (N) in the two isolators.
<p>Results are given as mean±standard deviation.</p
Breakdown of contamination in control and intervention isolators.
<p>Data correspond to the minimum (min), 1<sup>st</sup> quartile (Q1), median, 3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (Q3) and maximum (max) values. Contamination values are expressed in ng.</p
Contamination measured for worktop before cleaning process.
<p>Results for contamination rates are presented as number of positive samples/number of measured samples (n/N) and in %. Drug amounts are expressed in ng/cm<sup>2</sup>. Drugs are classified according to the frequency of positive samples in the Standard group.</p
Contamination rates (in %) before and after the cleaning/decontamination process for the three studied surfaces.
<p>Contamination rates (in %) before and after the cleaning/decontamination process for the three studied surfaces.</p
Contamination observed on gloves, worktop and window.
<p>Data are presented as overall contamination rates (CR, in %), Odds-Ratio (OR) and days without any contamination (N).</p
Compounding activity for the ten drugs studied throughout the study.
<p>Data correspond to the number of preparations (N) and prepared doses for each of the 10 studied drugs. Doses are expressed in mg and are presented as mean±standard deviation.</p
Comparison of contamination rates (in %) and contamination amounts (in ng) between Standard and Phaseal devices according to drug.
<p>Contamination rates are computed taking traces into account. Contamination amounts correspond to the cumulative amount per sampling day.</p