Single parenthood: policy apartheid in Canada

Book ChapterPolicy discussions regarding single parents often move to income maintenance issues. While the risk of poverty for single mothers with dependent children is high, attention devoted largely to the policy challenges of income maintenance for single mothers may have two unfortunate consequences. First, policy-makers and the public may become oblivious or impatient with the neediness of single mothers. Second, preoccupation with income maintenance might preclude attention to the many other policy considerations that impinge, directly and indirectly, on single mothers. This chapter provides a thematic look at the conundrum of social policies, broadly defined, that relate to single parents in Canada. The focus is on links, interconnections, and problems that might otherwise be invisible

Trends in the Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the United States: A Review

This paper assesses, by comparing recent published evidence with Dean's pioneering work, whether an increase in the milder forms of dental fluorosis may have occurred since Dean's time. To the extent that the crude comparisons of recent research with historic studies are valid, the data indicate a slight trend toward more fluorosis today than would be expected based upon findings in the late 1930s and early 1940s. This suggested increase in fluorosis is not as clear-cut nor as widely accepted as the recent decline in the prevalence of dental caries. Thus, further study of the prevalence of fluorosis and caries in relation to fluoride ingestion will be required to help validate the trend, and to allow dental researchers and decision makers to plan for the future.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66368/1/j.1752-7325.1987.tb01980.x.pd

Long-term patterns of an estuarine pathogen along a salinity gradient

Parasitic, disease-causing pathogens can exert strong control over marine populations yet few long-term studies exist that describe these relationships. Understanding the connections to long-term large-scale processes relative to local short-term processes should facilitate better planning for disease impacts in the management of marine resources. We describe a 21-yr dataset of dermo disease (Perkinsus marinus) in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in Delaware Bay, USA. Analyses indicated (1) a strong positive association between disease and mortality that was non-linear and defined by thresholds, (2) a clear spatial gradient of increasing disease and mortality with increasing salinity, (3) an apparent 7-year cycle in which peaks were associated with strong positive anomalies of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), (4) an inverse relationship with freshwater inflow, and (5) no obvious response to natural selection from persistent disease pressure. These data quantify the impact of environmental variables on the disease in a wild population and provide new insight into how disease interacts with host populations by linking disease patterns with larger climate controlling processes. Understanding these connections will facilitate prediction of and response to disease outbreaks

The Avian RNAseq Consortium: a community effort to annotate the chicken genome

Here we describe how members of the chicken research community have come together as the “Avian RNAseq Consortium” to provide chicken RNAseq data with a view to improving the annotation of the chicken genome. The data was used by Ensembl in their release 71 gene_build to help provide the most up-to-date annotation of Galgal4, which is still in current use. The data has also been used to predict many ncRNAs, particularly lncRNAs, and it continues to be used as a resource for annotation of other avian genomes along with continued gene discovery in the chicken. This article is submitted as part of the Third Report on Chicken Genes and Chromosomes which will be published in Cytogenetic and Genome Research

Collecting State-level Oral Health Data When Resources Are Limited: an Approach to Oral Health Surveillance

Many states and localities do not have the resources to conduct oral health surveys of their whole populations, but the demands for data collection continue to increase for both program administration and for Maternal and Child Health Block Grant funding. As one response to this problem, the Oral Health Program of the Michigan Department of Public Health developed an oral health surveillance system as a low-cost method of collecting usable data from the service populations of local health agencies providing direct patient care in Michigan. A record form, to be completed by dentists or hygienists in those agencies at initial or recall examinations, was developed and pilot-tested for all patients of target age groups who presented over a specified four-week period. This paper gives the results from 19 agencies that participated in the pilot test in Michigan. Results showed that 40.5 percent of 2–5-year-olds (n/341) had some caries experience, their d/dft was 78.2 percent, and mean dft was 4.8 (SD±3.5). Among the 6–19-year-olds (n/710), 61.4 percent had experienced caries, the D/DFT was 41.8 percent, and the mean DFT was 4.2 (SD±3.2). Among the adults examined, 45.1 percent of 20–64-year-olds (n = 820) and 38.1 percent of those 65 years or older (n = 105) had two or more teeth with untreated decay. These data suggest a high level of untreated disease among the service populations of the local dental health agencies. The method of data collection was well accepted by the staff of the agencies concerned and proved to be simple and inexpensive to conduct. While the population examined is not representative of the state population, it reflects a good cross-section of the population seeking clinical dental services through public health agencies. The data will be used in program development and to address the Maternal and Child Health reporting requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989. We intend to conduct this oral health surveillance survey periodically in Michigan to demonstrate trends in oral disease.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66051/1/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02713.x.pd

Sugar consumption and caries risk in schoolchildren with low caries experience

– This paper assesses the risk from sugar consumption in a population of schoolchildren with low caries experience. It relates eight different measures of sugar consumption to the occurrence of any DMFS increment, and, separately, to approximal and pit-and-fissure DMFS. The data are from a 3-yr longitudinal study of 429 children, initially aged 11–15, residing in non-fluoridated rural communities in Michigan, USA. All children completed at least three dietary interviews, were present for baseline and final dental examinations, and had a parent or guardian provide questionnaire information on residence history, use of fluoride and dental services, and family history. Results indicated that a higher proportion of total energy intake from sugars increased the probability of caries on all surfaces, and a higher total intake of sugars was also associated with total caries increment. No relationship, however, was found between DMFS increment and the frequency of eating high sugar foods. Each additional 5 g of daily sugars intake was associated with a 1% increase in the probability of developing caries, and those whose energy intake from sugars was 1 SD above the mean had 2.0 times the risk of developing approximal caries than did children whose energy intake from sugars was 1 SD below the mean.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74862/1/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00218.x.pd

Managing risk and consistency in the raw material supply chain for single use systems

As the bioprocessing industry moves increasingly towards single use systems (SUS), security of supply at the raw material level becomes imperative to quality. Long term supply of consistent, high quality materials desired for single use film is directly attributed to the stability, continuity and quality of raw material supply from the film manufacturer. This presentation will focus on the strategic selection of raw materials for a single use platform film in the bioprocessing industry to minimize risk associated with change notifications. Utilizing a quality by design approach, a single use film was formulated with no added Irgafos 168, enhanced abuse resistance and a low extractables and leachables profile. There are several factors that are critically important to understanding quality and risk of supply in raw material sourcing. This presentation will outline the raw material selection process established to ensure supply continuity and high quality desired for use in bioprocessing films. A comprehensive study was conducted on raw materials prior to film validation and quality controls were established to ensure consistency prior to processing into single use films

Natural heritage survey for plant species of special concern on Bureau of Land Management lands, Jackson County, Colorado

Prepared for: Bureau of Land Management, Kremmling Resource Area; by Julie Burt ... [et al.].Includes bibliographical references.May 1996

Efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation in developmental-behavioral pediatric services.

• Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the CBC model in addressing presenting concerns for children across home, school, and health care systems. • What are the general effects of CBC in addressing identified concerns in a medically-referred sample? • How do parents and teachers perceive CBC in terms of its perceived effectiveness and acceptability? • How satisfied are parents and teachers with CBC consultants and services when provided across homeschool- medical settings