Precise Similarity of Many Human Proteins to Proteins of Prokarya

	 Proteins originated in early forms of life and have long survived, because they have always been required. Some recognizably similar proteins are found in all sequence comparisons between species, no matter how distant, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reported here are observations on the relationships of human proteins to the proteins of 458 prokaryotes for which protein libraries are available. Each of these libraries includes a protein that matches a human protein with a BLAST score of 573 or more, indicating excellent conservation of certain amino acid sequences. A majority of these proteins also match a yeast protein and other eukaryote proteins with comparable accuracy, indicating that protein conservation is responsible in most cases rather than the horizontal transfer (HGT) between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Rare examples of HGT are apparently also seen.
	Very many significant matches are seen as the criterion is opened, including 20,596 human proteins that match at least one prokaryote protein with expectation of 10-3 or less. Individual prokaryote proteins accurately match parts of many modern human proteins that have a wide range of functions showing directly that many proteins of different functions have evolved from an ancestral protein by duplication, rearrangement and divergence of function. The implication is that most or all modern proteins derive from the proteins of the last common ancestor with prokaryotes through many such events. 
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Graviton scattering and matter distribution

In this model gravitation results from the emission and absorption of quanta (gravitons) that are scattered a few times in crossing a typical galaxy. Many features of the universe can be explained in terms of this model, although theoretical justification for the scattering of gravitons is lacking. Gravitons follow a random walk and diffuse through the outer regions of a galaxy. As a result the force of attraction follows a 1/R law, matching observed galactic rotation curves and explaining galactic dynamics without the need of dark matter. The model makes predictions regarding early stages in the expansion of the universe and the establishment of the mass distribution. It may be assumed that a nearly uniform expanding cloud of gas was present that was subject to collapse under gravitational forces. The 1/R law of attraction due to graviton diffusion is orders of magnitude more effective for initiation of collapse than the inverse square law, and it applies to blocks of gas larger than the graviton mean free path. Delay in the spread of gravitational attraction by diffusion sets a time-dependent range beyond which the attractive force is zero. In the model this causes arrays of matter to collapse locally into zones with a spacing set by the length of the range of the attractive force. An initial examination indicates that under these conditions the background radiation could have been released from a nearly uniform distribution at the time of decoupling of radiation and matter, followed by gravitational collapse into blocks of galactic mass. In the model the diffusion of gravitons continued and collapse became possible on a larger scale, initiating the formation of galactic clusters and still larger structures. The slow rate of diffusion then prevented the largest structures from attracting each other and permitted the formation of the voids on a very large scale. The model predicts that on the largest scale there is a three-dimensional repeated array of structures separated by voids. Ultimately structures larger than galactic clusters outran the diffusion of the gravitons and have since been freely expanding

Idiosyncratic evolution of conserved eukaryote proteins that are similar in sequence to archaeal or bacterial proteins

	Sequence comparisons have been made between the proteins of 571 prokaryote species including 46 archaea and 525 bacteria and the set of human proteins. Highly conserved eukaryotic proteins are often strikingly similar in sequence to archaeal and bacterial proteins. Yet in many cases similarity to archaeal proteins is not correlated to the similarity to bacterial proteins. In these comparisons there are hundreds of eukaryote proteins that match well archeal proteins, but do not match recognizably to bacterial proteins, while thousands of proteins match well to bacterial proteins but not recognizably to archeal proteins. Forty percent of the 21,440 human proteins that significantly match prokaryote proteins are in this extreme idiosyncratic category. These relationships have been preserved over billions of years since the last common ancestor or sharing of protein genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. For each of the 21,440 members of this set of human proteins (that make significant matches to any of the 1.8 million proteins in this set of prokaryote species protein libraries) it is certain that each protein has important functions both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the precursor proteins have been important in the precursor species of both. That is the only explanation for the preservation of amino acid sequence similarity for the billions of years since the last common ancestor or period of sharing of proteins. Comparisons were made between the proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the proteins of the 571 prokaryote species. The results agreed with the human comparisons indicating that the conclusions apply to eukaryotes generally

Precise sequence complementarity between yeast chromosome ends and two classes of just-subtelomeric sequences

The terminal regions (last 20 kb) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes universally contain blocks of precise sequence similarity to other chromosome terminal regions. The left and right terminal regions are distinct in the sense that the sequence similarities between them are reverse complements. Direct sequence similarity occurs between the left terminal regions and also between the right terminal regions, but not between any left ends and right ends. With minor exceptions the relationships range from 80% to 100% match within blocks. The regions of similarity are composites of familiar and unfamiliar repeated sequences as well as what could be considered "single-copy" (or better "two-copy") sequences. All terminal regions were compared with all other chromosomes, forward and reverse complement, and 768 comparisons are diagrammed. It appears there has been an extensive history of sequence exchange or copying between terminal regions. The subtelomeric sequences fall into two classes. Seventeen of the chromosome ends terminate with the Y' repeat, while 15 end with the 800-nt "X2" repeats just adjacent to the telomerase simple repeats. The just-subterminal repeats are very similar to each other except that chromosome 1 right end is more divergent

Almost all human genes resulted from ancient duplication

Results of protein sequence comparison at open criterion show a very large number of relationships that have, up to now, gone unreported. The relationships suggest many ancient events of gene duplication. It is well known that gene duplication has been a major process in the evolution of genomes. A collection of human genes that have known functions have been examined for a history of gene duplications detected by means of amino acid sequence similarity by using BLASTp with an expectation of two or less (open criterion). Because the collection of genes in build 35 includes sets of transcript variants, all genes of known function were collected, and only the longest transcription variant was included, yielding a 13,298-member library called KGMV (for known genes maximum variant). When all lengths of matches are accepted, >97% of human genes show significant matches to each other. Many form matches with a large number of other different proteins, showing that most genes are made up from parts of many others as a result of ancient events of duplication. To support the use of the open criterion, all of the members of the KGMV library were twice replaced with random protein sequences of the same length and average composition, and all were compared with each other with BLASTp at expectation two or less. The set of matches averaged 0.35% of that observed for the KGMV set of proteins

Root Fernando-Kac subalgebras of finite type

Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra and $M$ be a $\mathfrak{g}$-module. The Fernando-Kac subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$ associated to $M$ is the subset $\mathfrak{g}[M]\subset\mathfrak{g}$ of all elements $g\in\mathfrak{g}$ which act locally finitely on $M$. A subalgebra $\mathfrak{l}\subset\mathfrak{g}$ for which there exists an irreducible module $M$ with $\mathfrak{g}[M]=\mathfrak{l}$ is called a Fernando-Kac subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$. A Fernando-Kac subalgebra of $\mathfrak{g}$ is of finite type if in addition $M$ can be chosen to have finite Jordan-H\"older $\mathfrak{l}$-multiplicities. Under the assumption that $\mathfrak{g}$ is simple, I. Penkov has conjectured an explicit combinatorial criterion describing all Fernando-Kac subalgebras of finite type which contain a Cartan subalgebra. In the present paper we prove this conjecture for $\mathfrak{g}\neq E_8$

Patients' unvoiced agendas in general practice consultations.

Objective: To investigate patients' agendas before consultation and to assess which aspects of agendas are voiced in the consultation and the effects of unvoiced agendas on outcomes. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: 20 general practices in south east England and the West Midlands. Participants: 35 patients consulting 20 general practitioners in appointment and emergency surgeries. Results: Patients' agendas are complex and multifarious. Only four of 35 patients voiced all their agendas in consultation. Agenda items most commonly voiced were symptoms and requests for diagnoses and prescriptions. The most common unvoiced agenda items were: worries about possible diagnosis and what the future holds; patients' ideas about what is wrong; side effects; not wanting a prescription; and information relating to social context. Agenda items that were not raised in the consultation often led to specific problem outcomes (for example, major misunderstandings), unwanted prescriptions, non-use of prescriptions, and non-adherence to treatment. In all of the 14 consultations with problem outcomes at least one of the problems was related to an unvoiced agenda item. Conclusion: Patients have many needs and when these are not voiced they can not be addressed. Some of the poor outcomes in the case studies were related to unvoiced agenda items. This suggests that when patients and their needs are more fully articulated in the consultation better health care may be effected. Steps should be taken in both daily clinical practice and research to encourage the voicing of patients' agenda