291 research outputs found
Dynamical effects of multiple impacts: Large impacts on a Mars-like planet
The earliest stage of the evolution of a fully assembled planet is profoundly
affected by a number of basin-forming impacts large enough to change the
dynamics of its deeper interior. These impacts are in some cases quite closely
spaced and follow one another in short time intervals, so that their effects
interact and result in behavior that may differ from a simple sum of the
effects of two individual and isolated impacts. We use two-dimensional models
of mantle convection in a Mars-like planet and a simple parameterized
representation of the principal effects of impacts to study some of the
dynamical effects and interactions of multiple large impacts. In models of only
two impacts, we confirm that the dynamical effects of the impacts reinforce
each other the closer they are in space and time but that the effects do not
always correspond to straightforward superpositions of those of single,
isolated impacts. In models with multiple (4-8) impacts with variable sizes,
distances, and frequencies, the global response of the mantle is as variable as
the impact sequences in the short term, but in the long term the different
evolutionary paths converge for several indicator variables such as the mean
flow velocity, temperature, or heat flow. Nonetheless, beyond a certain impact
frequency and energy, lithospheric instabilities triggered by large impacts
occur on a global scale, reinvigorate mantle dynamics for long time spans, and
entail a late stage of melt production in addition to the initial melting stage
that is not observed in one- or two-impact models. After one or several very
large impacts, some lithospheric material may founder and sink to the
core-mantle boundary, and if enough of it accumulates there, it enhances the
heat flux out of the core for several hundred millions of years, with possible
effects on dynamo activity.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figure
Employing magma ocean crystallization models to constrain structure and composition of the lunar interior
The process of lunar magma ocean solidification provides constraints on the
properties of distinct chemical reservoirs in the lunar mantle that formed
during the early evolution of the Moon. We use a combination of phase
equilibria models consistent with experimental results on lunar magma ocean
crystallization to study the effect of bulk silicate Moon composition on the
properties of lunar mantle reservoirs. We find that the densities and relative
proportions of these mantle reservoirs, in particular of the late forming
ilmenite bearing cumulates (IBC), strongly depend on the FeO content of the
bulk silicate Moon. This relation has implications for post-magma ocean mantle
dynamics and the mass distribution in the lunar interior, because the dense IBC
form at shallow depths but tend to sink towards the core mantle boundary. We
quantify the relations between bulk silicate Moon FeO content, IBC thickness
and bulk Moon density as well as mantle stratigraphy and bulk silicate Moon
moment of inertia to constrain the bulk silicate Moon FeO content and the
efficiency of IBC sinking. In combination with seismic and selenodetic
constraints on mantle stratigraphy, core radius, extent of the low velocity
zone at the core mantle boundary, considerations about the present day
selenotherm and the effects of reservoir mixing by convection our model
indicates that the bulk silicate Moon is only moderately enriched in FeO
compared to the Earths mantle and contains about 9.4 - 10.9 weight percent FeO
(with a lowermost limit of 8.3 weight percent and an uppermost limit of 11.9
weight percent). We also conclude that the observed bulk silicate Moon moment
of inertia requires incomplete sinking of the IBC layer by mantle convection:
only 20 - 60 percent of the IBC material might have reached the core mantle
boundary, while the rest either remained at the depth of origin or was mixed
into the middle mantle
"Isocrater" impacts: Conditions and mantle dynamical responses for different impactor types
Impactors of different types and sizes can produce a final crater of the same
diameter on a planet under certain conditions. We derive the condition for such
"isocrater impacts" from scaling laws, as well as relations that describe how
the different impactors affect the interior of the target planet; these
relations are also valid for impacts that are too small to affect the mantle.
The analysis reveals that in a given isocrater impact, asteroidal impactors
produce anomalies in the interior of smaller spatial extent than cometary or
similar impactors. The differences in the interior could be useful for
characterizing the projectile that formed a given crater on the basis of
geophysical observations and potentially offer a possibility to help constrain
the demographics of the ancient impactor population. A series of numerical
models of basin-forming impacts on Mercury, Venus, the Moon, and Mars
illustrates the dynamical effects of the different impactor types on different
planets. It shows that the signature of large impacts may be preserved to the
present in Mars, the Moon, and Mercury, where convection is less vigorous and
much of the anomaly merges with the growing lid. On the other hand, their
signature will long have been destroyed in Venus, whose vigorous convection and
recurring lithospheric instabilities obliterate larger coherent anomalies.Comment: 32 pages, 12 figure
Overturn of ilmeniteâbearing cumulates in a rheologically weak lunar mantle
©2019. American Geophysical UnionThe crystallization of the lunar magma ocean (LMO) determines the initial structure of the solid Moon. Near the end of the LMO crystallization, ilmeniteâbearing cumulates (IBC) form beneath the plagioclase crust. Being denser than the underlying mantle, IBC are prone to overturn, a hypothesis that explains several aspects of the Moon's evolution. Yet the formation of stagnant lid due to the temperature dependence of viscosity can easily prevent IBC from sinking. To infer the rheological conditions allowing IBC to sink, we calculated the LMO crystallization sequence and performed highâresolution numerical simulations of the overturn dynamics. We assumed a diffusion creep rheology and tested the effects of reference viscosity, activation energy, and compositional viscosity contrast between IBC and mantle. The overturn strongly depends on reference viscosity and activation energy and is facilitated by a low IBC viscosity. For a reference viscosity of 1021 Pa s, characteristic of a dry rheology, IBC overturn cannot take place. For a reference viscosity of 1020 Pa s, the overturn is possible if the activation energy is a factor of 2â3 lower than the values typically assumed for dry olivine. These low activation energies suggest a role for dislocation creep. For lowerâreference viscosities associated with the presence of water or trapped melt, more than 95% IBC can sink regardless of the activation energy. Scaling laws for RayleighâTaylor instability confirmed these results but also showed the need of numerical simulations to accurately quantify the overturn dynamics. Whenever IBC sink, the overturn occurs via smallâscale diapirs
Differentiation of Vesta: Implications for a shallow magma ocean
The Dawn mission confirms predictions that the asteroid 4 Vesta is
differentiated with an iron-rich core, a silicate mantle and a basaltic crust,
and confirms Vesta as the parent body of the HED meteorites. To better
understand its early evolution, we perform numerical calculations of the
thermo-chemical evolution adopting new data obtained by the Dawn mission such
as mass, bulk density and size of the asteroid. We have expanded the model of
Neumann et al. (2012) that includes accretion, compaction, melting and
associated changes of material properties and partitioning of 26Al, advective
heat transport, and differentiation by porous flow, to include convection and
effective cooling in a magma ocean. Depending on the melt fraction, the heat
transport by melt segregation is modelled either by porous flow or by
convection and heat flux of a magma ocean with a high effective thermal
conductivity. We show that partitioning of 26Al and its transport with the
silicate melt is crucial for the formation of a magma ocean. Due to the
accumulation of 26Al in the sub-surface (for formation times t0<1.5 Ma), a
shallow magma ocean with a thickness of 1 to a few tens of km (depending on the
silicate melt viscosity) forms. The lifetime of the shallow magma ocean is
O(10^4)-O(10^6) years and convection in this layer is accompanied by the
extrusion of 26Al at the surface. The interior differentiates from the outside
inward with a mantle that is depleted in 26Al and core formation is completed
within ~0.3 Ma. The lower mantle experiences melting below 45% suggesting a
harzburgitic to dunitic composition. Our results support the formation of
eucrites by the extrusion of early partial melt and cumulative eucrites and
diogenites may form from the crystallizing shallow magma ocean. Silicate melt
is present for up to 150 Ma, and core convects for ~100 Ma, supporting the idea
of an early magnetic field.Comment: 57 pages, 13 figures, 2 table
Onset of solid-state mantle convection and mixing during magma ocean solidification
©2017. American Geophysical UnionThe energy sources involved in the early stages of the formation of terrestrial bodies can induce partial or even complete melting of the mantle, leading to the emergence of magma oceans. The fractional crystallization of a magma ocean can cause the formation of a compositional layering that can play a fundamental role for the subsequent longâterm dynamics of the interior and for the evolution of geochemical reservoirs. In order to assess to what extent primordial compositional heterogeneities generated by magma ocean solidification can be preserved, we investigate the solidification of a wholeâmantle Martian magma ocean, and in particular the conditions that allow solidâstate convection to start mixing the mantle before solidification is completed. To this end, we performed 2âD numerical simulations in a cylindrical geometry. We treat the liquid magma ocean in a parameterized way while we selfâconsistently solve the conservation equations of thermochemical convection in the growing solid cumulates accounting for pressureâ, temperatureâ, and, where it applies, meltâdependent viscosity. By testing the effects of different cooling rates and convective vigor, we show that for a lifetime of the liquid magma ocean of 1 Myr or longer, the onset of solidâstate convection prior to complete mantle crystallization is likely and that a significant part of the compositional heterogeneities generated by fractionation can be erased by efficient mantle mixing. We discuss the consequences of our findings in relation to the formation and evolution of compositional reservoirs on Mars and on the other terrestrial bodies of the solar system.DFG, 276817549, Kristallisation des irdischen Magmaozeans: Thermo- und Geodynami
A machine-learning-based surrogate model of Mars' thermal evolution
Constraining initial conditions and parameters of mantle convection for a planet often requires running several hundred computationally expensive simulations in order to find those matching certain âobservablesâ, such as crustal thickness, duration of volcanism, or radial contraction. A lower fidelity alternative is to use 1-D evolution models based on scaling laws that parametrize convective heat transfer. However, this approach is often limited in the amount of physics that scaling laws can accurately represent (e.g. temperature and pressure-dependent rheologies or mineralogical phase transitions can only be marginally simulated). We leverage neural networks to build a surrogate model that can predict the entire evolution (0â4.5 Gyr) of the 1-D temperature profile of a Mars-like planet for a wide range of values of five different parameters: reference viscosity, activation energy and activation volume of diffusion creep, enrichment factor of heat-producing elements in the crust and initial temperature of the mantle. The neural network we evaluate and present here has been trained from a subset of âŒ10â000 evolution simulations of Mars ran on a 2-D quarter-cylindrical grid, from which we extracted laterally averaged 1-D temperature profiles. The temperature profiles predicted by this trained network match those of an unseen batch of 2-D simulations with an average accuracy of 99.7per centâ
A review of volatiles in the Martian interior
Multiple observations from missions to Mars have revealed compelling evidence for a volatile-rich Martian crust. A leading theory contends that eruption of basaltic magmas was the ultimate mechanism of transfer of volatiles from the mantle toward the surface after an initial outgassing related to the crystallization of a magma ocean. However, the concentrations of volatile species in ascending magmas and in their mantle source regions are highly uncertain. This work and this special issue of Meteoritics & Planetary Science summarize the key findings of the workshop on Volatiles in the Martian Interior (Nov. 3â4, 2014), the primary open questions related to volatiles in Martian magmas and their source regions, and the suggestions of the community at the workshop to address these open questions
On the Effectiveness of Sexual Offender Treatment in Prisons: A Comparison of Two Different Evaluation Designs in Routine Practice
Although there is less continuity of sexual offending in the life course than stereotypes suggest, treatment should lead to a further reduction of reoffending. Contrary to this aim, a recent large British study using propensity score matching (PSM) showed some negative effects of the core sex offender treatment program (SOTP) in prisons. International meta-analyses on the effects of sex offender treatment revealed that there is considerable variety in the results, and methodological aspects and the context play a significant role. Therefore, this study compared different designs in the evaluation of sex offender treatment in German prisons. PSM was compared with an exact matching (EM) by the Static-99 in a sample of 693 sex offenders from Bavarian prisons. Most results were similar for both methods and not significant due to low base rates. There was a treatment effect at p < .05 on general recidivism in the EM and at p = .06 on serious reoffending in the PSM. For sexual recidivism, EM showed a negative trend, whereas PSM suggested the opposite. Overall, the study underlines the need for more replications of evaluations of routine practice, methodological comparisons, sensitive outcome criteria, and differentiated policy information
Delta Deposits on Mars: A Global Perspective
Deltas have been long considered a constraining element to reconstruct the water level of an ancient ocean that may have once occupied the northern lowlands of Mars, and just recently this hypothesis started to be challenged. We investigate this hypothesis and present a global inventory of fan shaped features showing typical deltaic traits across the entire Martian surface. For each element we provide descriptive details and classifications based on morphology, location, and relation with characterizing environmental features. In this catalogue of 162 deltas, we identified only six having high potential to constrain an oceanic paleo-shoreline. Nonetheless, age and location of these candidates display discrepancies with what was previously suggested from independent datasets about shoreline age and locations. Our analyses hence indicate that deltas alone are insufficient to delineate a globally consistent ancient oceanic shoreline, but they have the potential to locally constrain the water level both in space and time
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