Invertible Orientation Scores of 3D Images

The enhancement and detection of elongated structures in noisy image data is relevant for many biomedical applications. To handle complex crossing structures in 2D images, 2D orientation scores were introduced, which already showed their use in a variety of applications. Here we extend this work to 3D orientation scores. First, we construct the orientation score from a given dataset, which is achieved by an invertible coherent state type of transform. For this transformation we introduce 3D versions of the 2D cake-wavelets, which are complex wavelets that can simultaneously detect oriented structures and oriented edges. For efficient implementation of the different steps in the wavelet creation we use a spherical harmonic transform. Finally, we show some first results of practical applications of 3D orientation scores.Comment: ssvm 2015 published version in LNCS contains a mistake (a switch notation spherical angles) that is corrected in this arxiv versio

Field Simulation of Global Change: Transplanting Northern Bog Mesocosms Southward

A large proportion of northern peatlands consists of Sphagnum-dominated ombrotrophic bogs. In these bogs, peat mosses (Sphagnum) and vascular plants occur in an apparent stable equilibrium, thereby sustaining the carbon sink function of the bog ecosystem. How global warming and increased nitrogen (N) deposition will affect the species composition in bog vegetation is still unclear. We performed a transplantation experiment in which mesocosms with intact vegetation were transplanted southward from north Sweden to north-east Germany along a transect of four bog sites, in which both temperature and N deposition increased. In addition, we monitored undisturbed vegetation in control plots at the four sites of the latitudinal gradient. Four growing seasons after transplantation, ericaceous dwarf shrubs had become much more abundant when transplanted to the warmest site which also had highest N deposition. As a result ericoid aboveground biomass in the transplanted mesocosms increased most at the southernmost site, this site also had highest ericoid biomass in the undisturbed vegetation. The two dominant Sphagnum species showed opposing responses when transplanted southward; Sphagnum balticum height increment decreased, whereas S. fuscum height increment increased when transplanted southward. Sphagnum production did not differ significantly among the transplanted mesocosms, but was lowest in the southernmost control plots. The dwarf shrub expansion and increased N concentrations in plant tissues we observed, point in the direction of a positive feedback toward vascular plant-dominance suppressing peat-forming Sphagnum in the long term. However, our data also indicate that precipitation and phosphorus availability influence the competitive balance between Sphagnum, dwarf shrubs and graminoids

Subband coding of digital audio signals without loss of quality

A subband coding system for high quality digital audio signals is described. To achieve low bit rates at a high quality level, it exploits the simultaneous masking effect of the human ear. It is shown how this effect can be used in an adaptive bit-allocation scheme. The proposed approach has been applied in two coding systems, a complex system in which signal is split into 26 subbands, each approximately one third of an octave wide, and a simpler 20-band system. Both systems have been designed for coding stereophonic 16-bit compact disk signals with a sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz. With the 26-band system high-quality results can be obtained at bit rates of 220 kb/s. With the 20-band system, similar results can be obtained at bit rates of 360 kb/

Exploring the Behaviour of Parties in Parliamentary Debates over Chinese Human Rights

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 외교학과, 2020. 8. 이옥연.국제인권선언이 제정된 지 70여 년이 지났지만 인권은 여전히 국가간 관계에 있어 중요한 갈등의 요소로 남아있다. 모든 국가는 대외 정책에 있어 인권의 준수라는 이상과 경제적인 이익이라는 현실 사이의 절충점을 찾기 위해 노력하고 있다. 전통적인 인권 웅호국으로서 네덜란드는 대외 정책의 수립과 집행에 있어 인권과 경제적인 이익을 적절히 조율하지 못할 경우 어떠한 상황에 처할 수 있는지 보여주는 대표적인 예이다. 네덜란드는 1990년대 중국의 인권 문제에 대한 지적으로 인해 경제적인 제재를 받았다. 본 논문은 중국의 인권 문제에 대한 네덜란드의 입장 변화를 사례로 삼는다. 특히 본 논문은 인권 문제와 경제적인 이익에 대한 개별 정당의 입장이 상이하다는 사실에 주목해 이의 원인을 파악하고자 한다. 본 논문은 첫째, 중국 관련 문제를 제기함에 있어 인권 문제에 대한 정당 간의 차이가 왜 발생하는지 분석하고자 한다. 둘째, 본 논문은 네덜란드의 중국 인권에 대한 정책의 변화에 각 정당이 어떻게 다르게 대웅하는지 분석하고자 한다. 본 논문은 이를 위해 의회 질의(PQ)와 연관된 정당 행동에 관한 이론을 검토하고, 이를 통해 각 정당이 중국의 인권 문제에 대해 다른 입장과 견해를 보이는 이유를 밝히고자 한다. 구체적으로, 기독교 정당은 중국 인권 문제를 정치적인 도구로 활용해 왔다. 중국과의 관계가 복잡해지고 다각화되면서 네덜란드 연립 정당은 인권 문제를 경제적인 이해 관계 속에서 다루고자 했다. 마지막으로, 야당은 연립 정부가 중첨적으로 추진하는 정책과 그에 따른 인권 정책의 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 나타났다.More than 70 years after the enactment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) the topic of human rights remains one of tension in international relations. Countries are trying to find a compromise between complying with human rights and economic benefits in foreign policy. As a traditional human rights advocate, the Netherlands has experienced what happens if they fail to do so as it suffered political retribution from China in the 1990s. Due to the tension between adherence to ideals and economic considerations not all parties may evaluate them equally. This study aims at analysing party level differences between their focus on human rights when raising China-related issues and party responses to changes in Dutch Chinese-human rights policies. Through analyses based on party behaviour theories regarding parliamentary questions (PQ) and theories regarding the Western perceptions of Chinas rise this study concludes that parties have dissimilar motivations for their behaviour. Christian Parties were shown to utilize human rights as a political tool. These parties did so by focusing on only the religious freedom of Christians in parliamentary debates, whereas other parties also focused on other human rights concerns. Coalition parties were found to decrease their adherence to human rights as relations with China became more complex and multifaceted. Finally, opposition parties were found to react to issues of salience and changes in human rights policies presented by coalition governments.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1.2 Purpose of Research 1.3 Confessionalism in Dutch politics 1.4 Thesis Outline 2. On When parties question Ministers 12 2.1 Parliamentary questioning theories 2.1.1 Electoral tool theory 2.1.2 Control tool theory 2.1.3 Constituency oriented behaviour theory 2.1.4 Agenda-setting theory 2.2 Human Rights and party behaviour 3. Policy periods in Dutch-China Relations 27 3.1 Development and changes of human rights policies 3.2 From paper to practice: Dutch China-policies over time 3.3 Conclusion 4. Methodological Framework 53 4.1 Data selection 4.2 Variables: Selection and internationalization 4.3 Missing data 5. Party Politics and human rights PQs 65 5.1 Observations of PQ data 5.2 Results and theoretical implications 5.3 Conclusion 6. Government actions and party behaviour 79 6.1 Variations in PQs over time 6.2 Party behaviour in regards to the Olympics in Beijing 6.3 Party behaviour during Uri Rosenthal's policy changes 7. Conclusion 93 Bibliography 97 Appendix 115 Abstract in Korean (국문 요약) 121Maste