Conversation Effects on Driving: Neural Mechanisms Underlying Reaction Times to Visual Events

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioral and neural correlates of conversation effects on driving using the same visual event detection paradigm in brain imaging, behavioral testing, and closed-road driving experiments. METHODS The “load” paradigm (Young et al., 2005b) assessed the effects of conversation on visual event detection during simulated driving in behavioral labs, fMRI and MEG imaging centers, and actual driving on a closed road. Behavioral and imaging data were collected. The primary task was to depress a foot pedal in response to a small red light presented to the left or below the driving scene at unpredictable times. The secondary task was to engage in a conversation. The participant pressed a button to answer a ring tone, and then answered simple auditory questions such as “What is your birthdate?” fMRI and MEG data were analyzed to examine the neural substrates of driving with and without conversation. The correlation, reliability and repeatability across experimental settings were analyzed using statistical procedures such as random effect ANOVA and multivariate regression models with repeated measure adjustment. RESULTS The behavioral results from all sites demonstrated that conversation had a small but consistent increase in reaction time (about 70-200 ms) with no effect on miss rates compared to the “no conversation” baseline. The random effect ANOVA and adjusted regression models confirmed the conversation effect in all settings, with good reliability and repeatability. The fMRI results showed that conversation activated not only language-specific areas as expected, but also increased activation in fronto-parietal pathways engaged in sensory-motor integration, attention modulation, and decision execution (Young et al., 2005a). Results of MEG imaging showed that in the “no conversation” baseline, behavioral RT was inversely related to changes in MEG brain activity in the right superior parietal lobe: more modulation in brain activity in the 200-300 ms range after light onset resulted in shorter RTs, and less modulation in longer RTs. A similar relation to RT was also seen in brain activity in the visual cortex in the 85-90 ms interval after red light onset. Conversation again activated language-specific areas in the MEG study, and resulted in less modulation in the right parietal and visual regions (Bowyer et al., 2006). Accordingly, conversation tended to increase mean behavioral RT slightly (no conversation 926 ms; conversation 993 ms). Further experiments are required to determine if the reduction in modulation due to conversation arises from inhibition, interference, or a removal of facilitation from top-down attentional processes. CONCLUSIONS Conversation slightly increases visual event reaction times in laboratory and closed-road driving experiments compared to a no-conversation baseline, with little or no effect on miss rates. Common fMRI and MEG imaging findings revealed fronto-parietal and visual-auditory-motor networks associated with sensory-motor integration, decision-making, and attention modulation during a driving-like scenario. Conversation appears to contribute to increased reaction times by reducing brain modulation to visual events in the right superior parietal region and visual cortices. These experimental findings should not be interpreted as if conversation increases the rate of crashes in real-world driving when compared to baseline driving without real-world validation and comparison of reaction time effects from other in-vehicle tasks. REFERENCES Bowyer, S., Moran, J., Hsieh, L., Manoharan, A., Young R.A., Malladi, K., Yu, Y-J., Chiang, YR., Hersberger, R., Genik, R., & Tepley, N. (2006). MEG localization of neural mechanisms underlying reaction time to visual events while watching a driving video: Effects of conversation. International Congress Series: New Frontiers in Biomagnetism. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Biomagnetism. Vancouver, BC Canada, August 21-25. D. Cheyne, B. Ross, G. Stroink and H. Weinberg (Editors). Young, R.A., Hsieh, L., Graydon, F.X., Genik II, R., Benton, M.D., Green, C.C., Bowyer, S.M., Moran, J.E., & Tepley, N. (2005a). Mind-on-the-Drive: Real-time functional neuroimaging of cognitive brain mechanisms underlying driver performance and distraction. Human Factors in Driving, Telematics and Seating Comfort 2005, SP-1934. Society of Automotive Engineering, Warrendale, PA, April. Young, R.A., Aryal, B., Muresan, M., Ding, X., Oja, S., & Simpson, S. (2005b). Road-to-lab: Validation of the static load test for predicting on-road driving performance while using advanced in-vehicle information and communication devices. Proceedings of the Third International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, Rockport, Maine, July

Visual Mapping With Magnetoencephalography: An Update on the Current State of Clinical Research and Practice With Considerations for Clinical Practice Guidelines

Using visual evoked fields (VEFs) to differentiate healthy, normal brain function from dysfunctional cortex has been demonstrated to be both valid and reliable. Currently, VEFs are widely implemented to guide intracranial surgeries for epilepsy and brain tumors. There are several areas of possible future clinical use of VEFs, including early identification of disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson\u27s disease, stroke, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders. These studies have suggested that VEFs could be used to study disease pathophysiology or as a biomarker for early identification of a disorder. The current clinical practice guidelines of the American Clinical Magnetoencephalography Society for VEFs are sufficient. At this time, VEFs should be used clinically to identify visual cortex and potentially tailor surgical resections

Self-Reflection and its Relationship to Occupational Competence and Clinical Performance in Level II Fieldwork

Purpose: Reflective practitioners embody the ability to critique their own clinical thinking about the dilemmas that frequently arise in professional practice and everyday life. Conflicting evidence exists on whether or not self-reflective practices are effective in promoting academic, clinical, and personal success. This quantitative study investigated self-reflection as a predictor of increased occupational competence and clinical performance in Level II Fieldwork for entry-level Master\u27s degree occupational therapy students. Method: The study used convenience sampling to recruit participants and data were collected via a demographic survey and self-assessment questionnaires. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which self-reflection predicts occupational competence and clinical performance. R2 values were examined to determine the importance of each dependent variable (occupational competence and clinical performance). Results: Findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between self-reflection and occupational competence (p = 0.0053) but not between self-reflection and clinical performance (p = 0.08). Self-reflection accounted for 14% of the variance in clinical performance (R2 = 0.14), and more than one third (R2 = 0.38) of the variance in occupational competence. Results suggest that students who self-reflect regularly during fieldwork may have a greater ability to maintain everyday life routines during the demands of Level II Fieldwork. Conclusions: Self-reflection strongly predicts occupational competence of occupational therapy students during Level II Fieldwork, but does not significantly predict students’ clinical performance. Recommendations: Occupational therapy educators should consider incorporating guided self-reflection activities into the academic program in order to support student occupational competence. Intentional coaching in self-reflection may better prepare students for a clinical setting by supporting healthy daily routines, which may help them to manage stress during Level II Fieldwork. Future research should explore the impact of self-reflection training during clinical rotations (provided by clinical educators) on student clinical performance. Revision of the measurement of clinical performance is warranted to include questions pertaining to soft skills such as self-reflection and awareness

Occupational Therapy Student Conceptions of Self-Reflection in Level II Fieldwork

Self-reflection is paramount to the development of professionalism and serves as the foundation of adult education and lifelong learning. Pedagogical approaches in health sciences programs that promote self-reflection are growing in popularity. Current literature identifies a gap in what and how students conceive self-reflection and whether self-reflection is creating professionals that meet the challenges of today’s healthcare climate. This qualitative study explores the conceptions of self-reflection for occupational therapy students in Level II Fieldwork. The use of phenomenographic methodology guided the collection of information-rich data through semi-structured interviews. Twenty-one occupational therapy graduates volunteered to participate in the interviews. Verbatim transcripts were coded to identify categories and patterns in the data. A focused discussion was employed as a member-checking method to ensure accuracy of study outcomes. Participants identified that self-reflection may serve to inform personal and professional practices during occupational therapy student clinical rotations. Although universally defined, student self-reflection occurred in countless ways and took many forms. Participants valued its function in expanded decision making, self-awareness, and competence in fieldwork and everyday occupations. These findings facilitate further research and the creation of new self-reflection educational methods or interventions designed to build or remediate self-reflective capacity of health sciences students during academic and clinical programming

Multimodal imaging of temporal processing in typical and atypical language development

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110858/1/nyas12688.pd

Diet and Habitat of Mountain Woodland Caribou Inferred from Dung Preserved in 5000-year-old Alpine Ice in the Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada

Alpine ice patches are unique repositories of cryogenically preserved archaeological artefacts and biological specimens. Recent melting of ice in the Selwyn Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada, has exposed layers of dung accumulated during seasonal use of ice patches by mountain woodland caribou of the ancestral Redstone population over the past ca. 5250 years. Although attempts to isolate the DNA of known caribou parasites were unsuccessful, the dung has yielded numerous well-preserved and diverse plant remains and palynomorphs. Plant remains preserved in dung suggest that the ancestral Redstone caribou population foraged on a variety of lichens (30%), bryophytes and lycopods (26.7%), shrubs (21.6%), grasses (10.5%), sedges (7.8%), and forbs (3.4%) during summer use of alpine ice. Dung palynomorph assemblages depict a mosaic of plant communities growing in the caribou’s summer habitat, including downslope boreal components and upslope floristically diverse herbaceous communities. Pollen and spore content of dung is only broadly similar to late Holocene assemblages preserved in lake sediments and peat in the study region, and differences are likely due to the influence of local vegetation and animal forage behaviour. The 5000-year legacy of summer use of alpine ice patches by mountain woodland caribou suggests that these small, long-lived features may be important for the health of caribou populations in the Selwyn/Mackenzie Mountain range.Les névés des régions alpines constituent des réserves uniques d’artefacts archéologiques et de spécimens biologiques préservés cryogéniquement. La fonte récente des glaces de la chaîne de Selwyn, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au Canada, a mis au jour des couches de déjections animales qui ont été accumulées lors de l’usage saisonnier des névés par le caribou des bois des montagnes de la population ancestrale de Redstone au cours des quelques 5 250 dernières années. Bien que les tentatives visant à isoler l’ADN des parasites connus du caribou aient échoué, les déjections ont permis de repérer de nombreux restes et palynomorphes de végétaux bien préservés et variés. Les restes de végétaux qui ont été conservés dans les déjections animales laissent croire que la population de caribou ancestrale de Redstone s’alimentait d’une variété de lichens (30 %), de bryophytes et de lycopodes (26,7 %), d’arbrisseaux (21,6 %), de graminées (10,5 %), de foin plat (7,8 %) et de plantes herbacées non graminoïdes (3,4 %) lorsqu’ils utilisaient la glace alpine pendant l’été. Les assemblages de palynomorphes provenant des déjections laissent entrevoir la croissance d’une mosaïque de peuplements végétaux au sein de l’habitat d’été du caribou, ce qui comprend des composantes boréales en pentes descendantes et des peuplements végétaux herbacés floristiquement variés en pentes ascendantes. La teneur en pollen et en spores des déjections animales est seulement largement similaire aux assemblages de l’Holocène tardif préservés dans les sédiments lacustres et dans la tourbe de la région visée par l’étude. Les différences sont vraisemblablement attribuables à l’influence de la végétation locale et au comportement alimentaire des animaux. L’utilisation estivale des névés des régions alpines par le caribou des bois des montagnes ces 5 000 dernières années laisse entrevoir que ces petites caractéristiques longévives pourraient revêtir de l’importance pour la santé des populations de caribou de la chaîne de Selwyn et des monts Mackenzie

Sensorimotor Integration and GABA-ergic Activity in Embouchure Dystonia: An Assessment with Magnetoencephalography

Background: Embouchure dystonia (ED) is a task-specific dystonia affecting musicians thought to be related to alteration in sensorimotor processing and loss of cortical inhibition. Case Report: Magnetoencephalography-coherence source imaging (MEG-CSI) was used to map connectivity between brain regions by imaging neuronal oscillations that are coherent across the brain in patient with ED at rest and while using the index finger to evoke dystonia normally triggered by playing the flute. Discussion: During rest, there was increased coherence in the bilateral frontal and parietal regions that became more focal during dystonia. Diffuse hyperexcitability and increased coherence persisted in bilateral parietal regions as well as the bilateral frontal regions

The Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Network Connectivity in Cervical Dystonia: Lessons from Magnetoencephalography

Background: Pharmacological management of cervical dystonia (CD) is considered to be symptomatic in effect, rather than targeting the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Magnetoencephalography (MEG), a direct measure of neuronal activity, while accepted as a modality for pre-surgical mapping in epilepsy, has never been used to explore the effect of pharmacotherapy in movement disorders. Methods: Resting state MEG data were collected from patients with CD, pre- and post-botulinum toxin injections. All of these patients exhibited good clinical benefit with botulinum toxin. Resting state MEG data from four age- and gender-matched healthy controls with no neurological disorders were also collected. Results: Our exploratory study reveals a difference in coherence between controls and patients in the following regions: fronto-striatal, occipito-striatal, parieto-striatal, and striato-temporal networks. In these regions there is an increase after botulinum toxin. Specifically, increased coherence in the left putamen and right superior parietal gyrus was noticeable. Both intrahemispheric and interhemispheric networks were affected. Discussion: This is the first attempt to directly assess changes in functional connectivity with pharmacotherapy using MEG. Botulinum toxin might affect sensorimotor integration, leading to clinical benefit. The presence of increased interhemispheric coherence and intrahemispheric coherence points to the importance of global and local networks in the pathophysiology of dystonia

Neural Synchrony Examined with Magnetoencephalography (MEG) During Eye Gaze Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Findings

Gaze processing deficits are a seminal, early, and enduring behavioral deficit in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, a comprehensive characterization of the neural processes mediating abnormal gaze processing in ASD has yet to be conducted. This study investigated whole-brain patterns of neural synchrony during passive viewing of direct and averted eye gaze in ASD adolescents and young adults (M Age  = 16.6) compared to neurotypicals (NT) (MAge  = 17.5) while undergoing magnetoencephalography. Coherence between each pair of 54 brain regions within each of three frequency bands (low frequency (0 to 15 Hz), beta (15 to 30 Hz), and low gamma (30 to 45 Hz)) was calculated

Neural Synchrony Examined with Magnetoencephalography (MEG) During Eye Gaze Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Findings

Gaze processing deficits are a seminal, early, and enduring behavioral deficit in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, a comprehensive characterization of the neural processes mediating abnormal gaze processing in ASD has yet to be conducted. This study investigated whole-brain patterns of neural synchrony during passive viewing of direct and averted eye gaze in ASD adolescents and young adults (M Age  = 16.6) compared to neurotypicals (NT) (MAge  = 17.5) while undergoing magnetoencephalography. Coherence between each pair of 54 brain regions within each of three frequency bands (low frequency (0 to 15 Hz), beta (15 to 30 Hz), and low gamma (30 to 45 Hz)) was calculated