Lumbar puncture for the generalist

The safe and successful performance of a lumbar puncture demands a working and yet specific knowledge as well as competency in performance. This review aims to aid understanding of the knowledge framework, the pitfalls and complications of lumbar puncture. It includes special reference to three dimensional relationships, functional anatomy, imaging anatomy, normal variation and living anatomy. A lumbar puncture is a commonly performed procedure for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Epidural and spinal anaesthesia, for example, are common in obstetric practice and involve the same technique as a lumbar puncture except for the endpoint of the needle being in the epidural space and subarachnoid space respectively. The procedure is by no means innocuous and some anatomical pitfalls include inability to find the correct entry site for placement of the lumbar puncture needle and lack of awareness of structures in relation to the advancing needle. Headache is the most common complication and it is important to avoid traumatic and dry taps, herniation syndromes and injury to the terminal end of the spinal cord. With a thorough knowledge of the contraindications, the regional anatomy and rationale of the technique and adequate prior skills practice, a lumbar puncture can be performed safely and successfully

State detection using coherent Raman repumping and two-color Raman transfers

We demonstrate state detection based on coherent Raman repumping and a two-color Raman state transfer. The Raman coupling during detection selectively eliminates unwanted dark states in the fluorescence cycle without compromising the immunity of the desired dark state to off-resonant scattering. We demonstrate this technique using $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}^+$ where a combination of Raman coupling and optical pumping leaves the $D_{3/2}$ $\ket{F"=3,m_F"=3}$ metastable state optically dark and immune to off-resonant scattering. All other states are strongly coupled to the upper $P_{1/2}$ levels. We achieve a single shot state-detection efficiency of $89.6(3)$ in a $1\mathrm{ms}$ integration time, limited almost entirely by technical imperfections. Shelving to the $\ket{F"=3,m_F"=3}$ state before detection is performed via a two-color Raman transfer with a fidelity of $1.00(3)$

Macroscopic evidence of microscopic dynamics in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam oscillator chain from nonlinear time series analysis

The problem of detecting specific features of microscopic dynamics in the macroscopic behavior of a many-degrees-of-freedom system is investigated by analyzing the position and momentum time series of a heavy impurity embedded in a chain of nearest-neighbor anharmonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam oscillators. Results obtained in a previous work [M. Romero-Bastida, Phys. Rev. E {\bf69}, 056204 (2004)] suggest that the impurity does not contribute significantly to the dynamics of the chain and can be considered as a probe for the dynamics of the system to which the impurity is coupled. The ($r,\tau$) entropy, which measures the amount of information generated by unit time at different scales $\tau$ of time and $r$ of the observable, is numerically computed by methods of nonlinear time-series analysis using the position and momentum signals of the heavy impurity for various values of the energy density $\epsilon$ (energy per degree of freedom) of the system and some values of the impurity mass $M$. Results obtained from these two time series are compared and discussed.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, RevTeX4 PRE format; to be published in Phys. Rev.

Questioning the validity of non-extensive thermodynamics for classical Hamiltonian systems

We examine the non-extensive approach to the statistical mechanics of Hamiltonian systems with $H=T+V$ where $T$ is the classical kinetic energy. Our analysis starts from the basics of the formalism by applying the standard variational method for maximizing the entropy subject to the average energy and normalization constraints. The analytical results show (i) that the non-extensive thermodynamics formalism should be called into question to explain experimental results described by extended exponential distributions exhibiting long tails, i.e. $q$-exponentials with $q>1$, and (ii) that in the thermodynamic limit the theory is only consistent in the range $0\leq q\leq1$ where the distribution has finite support, thus implying that configurations with e.g. energy above some limit have zero probability, which is at variance with the physics of systems in contact with a heat reservoir. We also discuss the ($q$-dependent) thermodynamic temperature and the generalized specific heat.Comment: To appear in EuroPhysics Letter

Entropy and Correlations in Lattice Gas Automata without Detailed Balance

We consider lattice gas automata where the lack of semi-detailed balance results from node occupation redistribution ruled by distant configurations; such models with nonlocal interactions are interesting because they exhibit non-ideal gas properties and can undergo phase transitions. For this class of automata, mean-field theory provides a correct evaluation of properties such as compressibility and viscosity (away from the phase transition), despite the fact that no H-theorem strictly holds. We introduce the notion of locality - necessary to define quantities accessible to measurements - by treating the coupling between nonlocal bits as a perturbation. Then if we define operationally ``local'' states of the automaton - whether the system is in a homogeneous or in an inhomogeneous state - we can compute an estimator of the entropy and measure the local channel occupation correlations. These considerations are applied to a simple model with nonlocal interactions.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, 5 PostScript figures, uses psfig. Submitted to Int. J. Mod. Phys.

A simple measure of memory for dynamical processes described by the generalized Langevin equation

Memory effects are a key feature in the description of the dynamical systems governed by the generalized Langevin equation, which presents an exact reformulation of the equation of motion. A simple measure for the estimation of memory effects is introduced within the framework of this description. Numerical calculations of the suggested measure and the analysis of memory effects are also applied for various model physical systems as well as for the phenomena of ``long time tails'' and anomalous diffusion

α\alpha-Scale Decoupling of the Mechanical Relaxation and Diverging Shear Wave Propagation Lengthscale in Triphenylphosphite

We have performed depolarized Impulsive Stimulated Scattering experiments to observe shear acoustic phonons in supercooled triphenylphosphite (TPP) from $\sim$10 - 500 MHz. These measurements, in tandem with previously performed longitudinal and shear measurements, permit further analyses of the relaxation dynamics of TPP within the framework of the mode coupling theory (MCT). Our results provide evidence of $\alpha$ coupling between the shear and longitudinal degrees of freedom up to a decoupling temperature $T_c$ = 231 K. A lower bound length scale of shear wave propagation in liquids verified the exponent predicted by theory in the vicinity of the decoupling temperature

Liquid heat capacity in the approach from the solid state: anharmonic theory

Calculating liquid energy and heat capacity in general form is an open problem in condensed matter physics. We develop a recent approach to liquids from the solid state by accounting for the contribution of anharmonicity and thermal expansion to liquid energy and heat capacity. We subsequently compare theoretical predictions to the experiments results of 5 commonly discussed liquids, and find a good agreement with no free fitting parameters. We discuss and compare the proposed theory to previous approaches.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Structural role of the tyrosine residues of cytochrome c

The tertiary structures of horse, tuna, Neurospora crassa, horse [Hse65,Leu67]- and horse [Hse65,Leu74]-cytochromes c were studied with high-resolution 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy. The amino acid sequences of these proteins differ at position 46, which is occupied by phenylalanine in the horse proteins but by tyrosine in the remaining two, and at positions 67, 74 and 97, which are all occupied by tyrosine residues in horse and tuna cytochrome c but in the other proteins are substituted by phenylalanine or leucine, though there is only one such substitution per protein. The various aromatic-amino-acid substitutions do not seriously affect the protein structure